《測圓海鏡》“圓城圖式”之十二勾股弦算法

上傳書齋名:瀟湘館112  Xiāo XiāngGuǎn 112何世強 Ho Sai Keung提要:《測圓海鏡》乃金‧李冶所撰,書成於1248年,其書之“圓城圖式”即可得十四勾股形,連同原有之大勾股形共十五勾股形。若已知最大勾股形之勾與股,其餘勾股形之三邊亦可算出,本文指出其算法。關鍵詞:通弦、髙弦、平弦、大差弦《測圓海鏡》乃金‧李冶所撰,書成於1248年,時為南宋淳祐八年。李冶(1192年-1279年,即南宋紹熙三年至元忽必烈至元十六年),字仁卿,號敬齋,諡號文正,欒城(今河北省欒城縣)人,金、元文學家、數學家。金末登進士,入元官翰林學士。《測圓海鏡》乃為其主要之著作。《測圓海鏡》全書共十二卷,設問一百七十則,主要研究勾股容圓,並以“天元術”解題。《測圓海鏡》卷一為“圓城圖式”,此圖為一勾股形,習慣上,兩直角邊為勾為股,以橫為勾,以縱為股,又習慣上,股長於勾,如“圓城圖式”所示,最大之勾股形為“天地乾”,加上內切圓後,再加上縱橫兩直徑、圓外接正方形,此等線與大勾股形相交於定點,從此等定點作平行或垂直大勾股形之勾股,即可得十四勾股形,連同原有之大勾股形共十五勾股形。“圓城圖式”乃《測圓海鏡》之重要圖形,必須了解此圖之形成法,否則難以明白十四勾股形三邊算出之法﹝最大之勾股形“天地乾”之勾與股為已知﹞。若天地乾三邊勾股弦分別以 a1、b1、c1 表之,其餘十四勾股形三邊勾股弦則分別以 ai、bi、ci 表之,其中 1 < i ≦ 15。但 ai、bi、ci 均可以 a1、b1、c1 表之,此乃《測圓海鏡》之精髓。以下為圓城圖式:

以下為圓城圖式十五句股形圖:

以下為《測圓海鏡》之勾股形及勾、股及弦之名稱,《測圓海鏡》稱之為“總率名號”:總率名號1.         天之地為通弦  天之乾為通股   乾之地為通勾2.         天之川為邊弦  天之西為邊股   西之川為邊勾3.         日之地為底弦  日之北為底股   北之地為底勾4.         天之山為黃廣弦 天之金為股     金之山為勾5.         月之地為黃長弦 月之泉為股     泉之地為勾6.         天之日為上髙弦 天之旦為股     旦之日為勾7.         日之山為下髙弦 日之朱為股     朱之山為勾8.         月之川為上平弦 月之青為股     青之川為勾9.         川之地為下平弦 川之夕為股     夕之地為勾10.         天之月為大差弦 天之坤為股     坤之月為勾11.         山之地為小差弦 山之艮為股     艮之地為勾12.         日之川為皇極弦 日之心為股     心之川為勾13.         月之山為太虛弦 月之泛為股     泛之山為勾14.         日之月為明弦  日之南為股     南之月為勾15.         山之川為

弦  山之東為股    東之川為勾“天之地為通弦”指以“天地為弦”,知一勾股形之弦,即可決定一勾股形,故一勾股形可以以其弦表示,例如天地乾可以以“天地弦”表示,可參閱上兩圖,其餘類推。13 條“月之泛為股”及“泛之山為勾”之“泛”字一作“水”。以上勾股形之命名法以其弦﹝斜邊﹞及其直角為主,知其弦,即知該勾股形,亦知其直角之位置,在其直角之位置標示號碼,例如勾股形 1 之弦為“天地”,其直角之位置為“乾”,則在“乾”之位置標示 1,1 為最大之勾股形。又例如弦為“山川”,其直角之位置為“東”,則在“東”之位置標示 15,15 為最小之勾股形。其餘命名法類推。圓城圖式有15 勾股形,全部以“天地”線間之線段為弦。總率名號為其總名,如下表所示:序號勾股形名稱弦ci股bi勾ai1天地乾通弦(天地)c1通股(天乾)b1通勾(地乾)a12天川西邊弦(天川)c2邊股(天西)b2邊勾(西川)a3日地北底弦(日地)c3底股(日北)b3底勾(北地)a34天山金黃廣弦(天山)c4天金b4金山a45月地泉黃長弦(月地)c5月泉b5泉地a56天日旦上高弦(天日)c6天旦b6旦日a67日山朱下高弦(日山)c7日朱b7朱山a78月川青上平弦(月川)c8月青b8青川a89川地夕下平弦(川地)c9川夕b9夕地a910天月坤大差弦(天月)c10天坤b10坤月a1011山地艮小差弦(山地)c11山艮b11艮地a1112日川心皇極弦(日川)c12日心b12心川a1213月山泛太虛弦(月山)c13月泛b13泛山a1314日月南明弦(日月)c14日南b14南月a1415山川東

弦(山川)c15山東b15東川a15在《測圓海鏡》之“圓城圖式”中,一勾股形可以以其弦命名,例如“通弦”,指“天地”之弦,指勾股形“天地乾”;又例如“黃廣弦”,指“天山”之弦,指勾股形“天山金”;其餘類推。以上15勾股形中 6之上高 = 7 之下高﹝見黃色之列﹞;8 之上平 = 9 之下平﹝見淺綠色之列﹞,因此,15勾股形中,只有13相異之勾股形。只須要知勾股形天地乾之勾a1 及股 b1,其弦 c1 即可算出其餘勾股形﹝2 至 15﹞之三邊長亦可算出。勾股形“天地乾”之內容圓圓徑乃重要數字,必須先算出,否則難以算出其餘勾股形之邊長。若“天地乾”之內圓半徑為r,則r =

。左右兩方乘以2得 2a1b1= 2r(a1 + b1 + c1),移項得:即2r =

。2r為直徑。注意 c1 = √(a12 + b12)。上式可作如下之變形:2r =

=

=

=

=

﹝以句股定理化簡﹞= a1 + b1 – c1 。以上乃重要之結果。《測圓海鏡》之“今問正數”篇乃計算“圓城圖式”之各種勾股形,今作如下之假設:若弦:c,勾:a,股:b,則:勾股和:a + b勾股較:b – a勾弦和:a + c勾弦較:c – a股弦和:b + c股弦較:c – b弦較和:c + (b – a) ﹝較指勾股較,和指弦與勾股較之和﹞弦較較:c – (b – a) ﹝第一較字指勾股較,第二較字指弦與勾股較之較﹞弦和和:(a + b)+ c ﹝第一和字指勾股和,第二和字指弦與勾股和之和﹞弦和較:(a+ b) – c ﹝第一和字指勾股和,第二較字指弦與勾股和之較﹞以上為“三位”之“和較十數”。“三位”指三邊。“較”,差也。以下為十五勾股形“三位”之算法:(1)天地乾今已知天地乾之通勾及通股,即 a1 及 b1 為已知數,其弦及“和較十數”亦可算出。乾地通勾:a1 = 320,天乾通股:b1 = 600。天地通弦:c1 = √(a12+ b12) = √(3202 + 6002) =680。其餘勾股形之勾或股可以以通勾或通股﹝或相關勾股形之勾或股﹞減容圓半徑或直徑而得,再依相似三角形對應邊成比例法算出股或勾,最後以勾股定理算出弦。(2)   天川西依天地乾之數字算出邊股、邊勾及邊弦。從圖可知,邊股 = 通股 – 容圓半徑,再依相似三角形對應邊成比例法算出邊勾,以勾股定理算出邊弦。勾股弦三數既可知,“和較十數”亦可算出﹝不列出算式﹞。天西邊股﹝簡稱邊股﹞:b2 = b1–

(a1 + b1 – c1) =

(c1 + b1 – a1) 。西川邊勾﹝簡稱邊勾﹞:a2 =

(c1 + b1 – a1) 。天川邊弦﹝簡稱邊弦﹞:c2 = √(a22+ b22) 。c22=

(c1 + b1 – a1)2 +

(c1 + b1 – a1)2=

(c1 + b1 – a1)2(1 +

)=

(c1 + b1 – a1)2(

)=

(c1 + b1 – a1)2。所以 c2 =

(c1 + b1 – a1) 。代入數字  股:b2 = 600 – 120 = 480。勾:a2 =

× 480= 256。弦:c2 = √(2562 + 4802)= √(295936) = 544。(3)   日地北依天地乾之數字算出邊股、邊勾及邊弦。底勾 = 通勾 – 容圓半徑,再依相似三角形對應邊成比例法算出底股,以勾股定理算出底弦。北地底勾﹝簡稱底勾﹞:a3 = a1 –

(a1 + b1 – c1) =

(a1 – b1 + c1) 。日北底股﹝簡稱底股﹞:b3 =

=

(a1 – b1 + c1) 。日地底弦﹝簡稱底弦﹞:c3 = √(a32+ b32) 。c32=

(a1 – b1 + c1)2 +

(a1 – b1 + c1)2=

(a1 – b1 + c1)2(1 +

)=

(a1 – b1 + c1)2(

)=

(a1 – b1 + c1)2。所以 c3 =

( a1 –b1 + c1) 。代入數字  勾:a3 = 320 – 120 = 200。股:b3 =

× 200= 375。弦:c3 = √(2002 + 3752)= √(180625) = 425。(4)   天山金其勾長是為內容圓徑。金山勾 ﹝又稱黃廣勾﹞:a4 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) × 2 = a1 + b1 – c1。天金股﹝又稱黃廣股﹞:b4 =

=

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。天山黃廣弦﹝簡稱黃廣弦﹞:c4 = √(a42+ b42) 。c42= (a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2= (a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)= (a1 + b1 – c1)2(

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c4 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。代入數字 勾:a4 =240。股:b4 =

× 240= 450。弦:c4 = √(2402 + 4502)= √(260100) = 510。(5)   月地泉其股長是為內容圓徑。月泉股﹝又稱黃長股﹞:b5 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) × 2 = a1 + b1 – c1。泉地勾﹝又稱黃長勾﹞:a5 =

=

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。月地黃長弦﹝簡稱黃長弦﹞:c5 = √(a52+ b52) 。c52= (a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2= (a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)= (a1 + b1 – c1)2(

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c5 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。代入數字 股:b5 =240。勾:a5 =

× 240= 128。弦:c5 = √(1282 + 2402)= √(73984) = 272。(6)   天日旦其勾長是為內容圓半徑。旦日勾 ﹝又稱上髙勾﹞:a6 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)。天旦股﹝又稱上髙股﹞:b6 =

=

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。天日上髙弦﹝簡稱上髙弦﹞:c6 = √(a62+ b62)c62 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c6 =

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。代入數字 勾:a6 =120。股:b6 =

× 120= 225。弦:c6 = √(1202 + 2252)= √(65025) = 255。(7)   日山朱其勾長亦為內容圓半徑。朱山勾﹝又稱下髙勾﹞:a7 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)。日朱股﹝又稱下髙股﹞:b7 =

=

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。日山下髙弦﹝簡稱下髙弦﹞:c7 = √(a72+ b72) 。c72 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c7 =

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。代入數字 勾:a7 =120。股:b7 =

× 120= 225。弦:c7 = √(1202 + 2252)= √(65025) = 255。(6)與 (7) 相同。(8)   月川青其股長是為內容圓半徑。青川股﹝又稱上平股﹞:b8 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)。月青勾﹝又稱上平勾﹞:a8 =

=

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。月川上平弦﹝簡稱上平弦﹞:c8 = √(a82+ b82) 。c82=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c8 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。代入數字 股:b8 =120。勾:a8 =

× 120= 64。弦:c8 = √(642 + 1202)= √(18496) = 136。(9)   川地夕其股長亦為內容圓半徑。川夕股﹝又稱下平股﹞:b9 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)。夕地勾﹝又稱下平勾﹞:a9 =

=

( a1 +b1 – c1) 。川地下平弦﹝簡稱下平弦﹞:c9 = √(a92+ b92) 。c92=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(1 +

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c9 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。代入數字 股:b9 =120。勾:a9 =

× 120= 64。弦:c9 = √(642 + 1202)= √(18496) = 136。(8)與 (9) 相同。(10) 天月坤其股長為大股減內容圓直徑。天坤股﹝又稱大差股﹞:b10 =b1 – (a1 + b1 – c1) = b1 – a1 – b1 + c1 = c1 – a1。坤月勾﹝又稱大差勾﹞:a10 =

=

(c1 – a1) 。天月大差弦﹝簡稱大差弦﹞:c10 = √(a102+ b102) 。c102= (c1 – a1)2 +

(c1 – a1)2= (c1 – a1)2(1 +

)= (c1 – a1)2(

)=

(c1 – a1)2。所以 c10 =

(c1 – a1) 。代入數字 股:b10 =680 – 320 =360。勾:a10 =

×360= 192。弦:c10 = √(1922 +3602)= √(166464) = 408。(11) 山地艮其勾長為大勾減內容圓直徑。艮地勾﹝又稱小差勾﹞ :a11 = a1 – (a1 + b1 – c1)= a1 – a1 – b1 + c1= c1 – b1。山艮股﹝又稱小差股﹞:b11 =

=

(c1 – b1) 。山地小差弦﹝簡稱小差弦﹞:c11 = √(a112+ b112) 。c112 = (c1 – b1)2 +

(c1 – b1)2= (c1 – b1)2(1 +

)= (c1 – b1)2(

)=

(c1 – b1)2。所以 c11 =

(c1 – b1) 。代入數字 勾:a11 =680 – 600 = 80。股:b11 =

× 80= 150。弦:c11 = √(802 + 1502)= √(28900) = 170。(12) 日川心其股長為日北減內容圓半徑。日心股﹝又稱皇極股﹞:b12 =b3 –

(a1 + b1 – c1)=

(a1 – b1 + c1) –

(a1 + b1 – c1)=

(b1a1 – b12+ b1c1 – a12 – a1b1 + a1c1 )=

(– b12 + b1c1 – a12 + a1c1 )=

(b1c1 + a1c1 – c12 )=

(a1 + b1 – c1)。心川勾﹝又稱皇極勾﹞:a12 =

=

×

(a1 + b1 – c1)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)。日川皇極弦﹝簡稱皇極弦﹞:c12 = √(a122+ b122) 。c122 =

(a1 + b1 – c1)2 +

(a1 + b1 – c1)2=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2(

+

)=

(a1 + b1 – c1)2。所以 c12 =

(a1 + b1 – c1) 。代入數字 股:b12 =b3 –

(a1 + b1 – c1) = 375 – 120 = 255。勾:a12 =

× 255= 136。弦:c12 = √(1362 + 2552)= √(83521) = 289。(13) 月山泛其勾長為內容圓直徑減月坤。泛山勾﹝又稱太虛勾﹞:a13 = (a1 + b1 – c1) –

(c1 – a1)=

(b1a1 + b12 – b1c1 – a1c1 +a12)=

(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)。月泛股﹝又稱太虛股﹞:b13 =

=

(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)。月山太虛弦﹝簡稱太虛弦﹞:c13 = √(a132+ b132)。c132 =

(c1 – b1)2(c1 – a1)2 +

(c1 – b1)2(c1 – a1)2= (c1 – b1)2(c1 – a1)2(

+

)=

(c1 – b1)2(c1 – a1)2。所以 c13 =

(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)。代入數字 勾:a13 =內容圓直徑 – a10 = 240 – 192 = 48。股:b13 =

× 48= 90。弦:c13 = √(482 + 902)= √(10404) = 102。(14) 日月南其勾為月坤減容圓半徑。南月勾﹝又稱明勾﹞:a14 =

(c1 – a1) –

(a1 + b1 – c1)=

(2a1c1 – 2a12 – b1a1 – b12 + b1c1)=

(2a1c1 – a12 – c12– b1a1 + b1c1)=

[–(c1 – a1)2 + b1(c1 – a1)]=

(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。日南股﹝又稱明股﹞:b14 =

=

(2a1c1 – 2a12 – b1a1 – b12 + b1c1)=

(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。日月為明弦﹝簡稱明弦﹞:c14 = √(a142+ b142) 。c142 = (

+

)(2a1c1 – 2a12 – b1a1 – b12 + b1c1)2=

(2a1c1 – 2a12 – b1a1 – b12 + b1c1)2=

(c1 – a1)2(b1 – c1 + a1)2。所以  c14=

(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。代入數字 勾:a14 =a10 – 內容圓半徑 = 192 – 120 = 72。股:b14 =

× 72= 135。弦:c14 = √(722 + 1352)= √(23409) = 153。(15) 山川東其勾為西川減容圓直徑。東川勾﹝又稱

勾﹞:a15 =a2 – (a1 + b1 – c1)=

(c1 + b1 – a1) – (a1 + b1 – c1)=

(a1c1 + a1b1 – a12 – 2b1a1 – 2b12 + 2b1c1)=

(a1c1 – a12 –b1a1 –2b12 + 2b1c1)=

(a1c1 – c12 –b1a1 – b12+ 2b1c1)=

[a1(c1 – b1) – (c1 – b1)2]=

(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。山東股﹝又稱

股﹞:b15 =

=

(a1c1 – a12 –b1a1 –2b12 + 2b1c1)=

(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。山川

弦﹝簡稱

弦﹞:c15 = √(a152+ b152)c152 = (

+

)(c1 – b1)2(a1 – c1 + b1)2=

(c1 – b1)2(a1 – c1 + b1)2。所以 c15 =

(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。代入數字 勾:a15 =a2 – (a1 + b1 – c1)= 256 – 240= 16。股:b15 =

× 16= 30。弦:c15 = √(162 + 302)= √(1156) = 34。以下為十五勾股形“三位”之數及“和較十數”表﹝數目字即以上之十五勾股形之序號﹞ :三位和較符號1234567弦c680544425510272255255勾a320256200240128120120股b600480375450240225225勾股和a + b920736575690368345345勾股較b – a280224175210112105105勾弦和a + c1000800625750400375375勾弦較c – a360288225270144135135股弦和b + c12801024800960512480480股弦較c – b80645060323030弦較和c + (b – a)960768600720384360360弦較較c – (b – a)400320250300160150150弦和和(a + b) + c1600128010001200640600600弦和較(a + b) – c240192150180969090三位和較符號8, 9101112131415弦c13640817028910215334勾a6419280136487216股b1203601502559013530勾股和a + b18455223039113820746勾股較b – a5616870119426314勾弦和a + c20060025042515022550勾弦較c – a7221690153548118股弦和b + c25676832054419228864股弦較c – b1648203412184弦較和c + (b – a)19257624040814421648弦較較c – (b – a)80240100170609020弦和和(a + b) + c32096040068024036080弦和較(a + b) – c4814460102365412

(0)

相关推荐