2020-01前庭卒中: 表现形式与鉴别要点
前庭卒中(2):表现形式与鉴别要点前庭卒中指累及前庭系统且以急性眩晕头晕为早期主要表现的卒中。由于看起来很像内耳疾患前庭卒中的早期诊断不易, 甚至错诊漏诊,延误治疗。如何在各种急性眩晕头晕病因中识别其脑血管病病因,对早期诊断和及时治疗前庭卒中至关重要。急性眩晕头晕最常以急性前庭综合征(AVS)和急性发作性前庭综合征(EVS)的两种方式出现,也常是病人寻求急诊就诊的原因。从鉴别诊断的几个关键因素出发,可以根据这些急性眩晕头晕的时间特点(发作/持续/演变的时间特点)、触发特点(动作/运动/情境的触发特点)、目标性检查(HINTS Plus 等),分为最常见的4种表现形式。通过对这4种常见表现形式的主要特点的认识和分析识别其中的前庭卒中,提高早期诊断能力。这4种表现形式分别为触发性EVS(t-EVS), 自发性EVS(s-EVS), 创伤/毒性AVS(t-AVS) , 自发性AVS(s-AVS) [24]。EVS由ICVD定义为持续数秒至数小时的一过性眩晕头晕或不稳的临床综合征,偶尔持续数天,通常具有一过性短暂性前庭系统功能障碍的特征。临床常可表现为触发性和自发性两种特点的形式。AVS由ICVD定义为持续数天至数周的急性发作性连续性眩晕头晕或不稳的临床综合征,通常具有新发持续存在前庭系统功能障碍的特征。临床常可因创伤毒性损害造成或病因不很明确的自发性形式存在。触发性EVS(t-EVS)触发性EVS(t-EVS)通常持续数秒至数小时。通常指有确定的触发因素的一类。最常见的触发因素是头动或身体位置变化。这里最重要的是要学会区别触发还是加剧:头动通常会加剧任何前庭源性眩晕头晕,无论是良性还是恶性,中枢性还是外周性,急性还是慢性。头动时加重仅是累及前庭系统的一个症状,没有区别外周性或中枢性的价值,因为急性眩晕头晕都会因头动而加重。头动作为触发因素是指头动时引发眩晕头晕,而不是至原有的眩晕头晕加重。因此学会将触发因素与恶化特征区别开来有助于诊断。急诊最常见的t-EVS依次是直立性低血压、BPPV、CPPV。直立性低血压可经站立和卧位血压检查确定(请参阅血液动力性眩晕头晕诊断标准)。BPPV可经变位实验出现典型位置性眼震确定(请参阅BPPV诊断标准)。CPPV可来自良性中枢性病因例如酒精中毒或前庭偏头痛,也可来自后颅凹结构性病变。脑血管病引起的t-EVS虽不常见,但有两种情况需要注意:1)第四脑室附近的小卒中(缺血或出血)可引起CPPV,眼震与BPPV的经典性位置性眼震不同;2)旋转椎动脉综合征(Rotational Vertebral Artery Syndrome,RVAS)可因侧方转颈导致一侧或双侧椎动脉闭塞,引发短暂性眩晕和眼震。自发性EVS(s-EVS)自发性EVS(s-EVS)通常持续数分钟至数小时。通常没有直接责任性触发因素,尽管可能存在诸如脱水失眠或进某些食物的情况事先存在。由于就诊时发作大多已经过去了,检查通常正常,诊断主要依赖病史。如果就诊时还有症状,床边检查可能有助于区别中枢性与外周性。最常见s-EVS病因:前庭偏头痛、血管迷走性晕厥、惊恐发作、梅尼埃病。主要的危险病因来自脑血管病性/心脏呼吸性/内分泌性,例如椎基底动脉TIA、心律失常、低血糖。急诊患者即使存在真性旋转性眩晕症状,都应考虑是否有心律失常的存在。比较少见的是蛛网膜下腔出血,但有时也会以s-EVS的形式出现。多项研究显示,即使是孤立性眩晕或头晕,也可能是后循环卒中前数天至数周最常见的前驱性椎基底动脉TIA症状。一个较大人群的研究发现,51%(n = 23/45)前驱性椎基底动脉TIA症状表现为孤立性眩晕,其中52%持续时间超过1小时,非常不典型,与现代TIA定义不符。当TIA累及AICA灌注区时可产生听觉症状,看起来很像梅尼埃病(MD),感音性听力丧失伴周围型眼震可能来自迷路缺血,此时诊断需谨慎。一些s-EVS可能经MRI-DWI显示有很小的梗死。头晕是椎动脉夹层的最常见症状(58%),可累及年轻患者,看起来很像前庭偏头痛,容易误诊。椎动脉夹层可能与颈部损伤关联,但是不到一半的病人有这种病史。不过,突然严重持续的头痛和颈痛是重要的指向线索。若伴有畏光畏声则指向前庭偏头痛可能性。创伤/毒性AVS (t-AVS) 创伤/毒性AVS (t-AVS)通常为持续性一段时间的急性眩晕头晕,因此就诊时通常还有症状或体征。关键成因通常很明显,最常见的病因是钝性颅脑损伤和药物中毒,尤其是抗惊厥药或氨基糖苷类抗生素等药物。由于造成急性眩晕头晕的病因很明确,诊断比较容易。大多数病人的眩晕头晕为单一性的急性发作,病因不复存在后的数天至数周期间逐步缓解。此类患者的主要脑血管顾虑是重叠综合征问题:原发性疾病例如来自钝性颅脑损伤的直接性迷路震荡或伴有跌倒的酒精中毒,可能掩盖了继发性疾病例如引起小脑梗死的椎动脉夹层。自发性AVS (s-AVS)自发性AVS (s-AVS)通常为持续性一段时间的急性眩晕头晕,因此就诊时通常还有症状或体征。但是通常缺乏明确的关键成因,例如没有明确的感染病史,近期病毒综合征接触呈非特异性等。眩晕相关性床边检查包括眼动检查是鉴别诊断的主要工具,借此鉴别中枢性与外周性。s-AVS病因最常见的是前庭神经炎,其次是卒中。大约10-20%的s-AVS为卒中,通常来自脑干或小脑,95%是缺血性的。有时在一系列相对短暂的自发性眩晕头晕发作性TIA前驱症状后数周或数月发生卒中。其他比较危险的病因可能还有硫胺素缺乏症和李斯特菌性脑炎。床边查体,HINTSPlus以及VNG等辅助检测对于诊断很有帮助。必要时进行影像学检查。CT对于孤立性头晕特别是缺乏特异性脑出血风险者不是一个有价值的筛查工具。MRI对于梗死灶具有筛查价值,但是对较小病灶,48-72小时内的扫描仍有较高的假阴性结果。MRI-DWI对脑干卒中的敏感性在梗死后72- 100小时达到最大。因此发病后较短时间内的MRI不能完全排除较小梗死灶存在的可能性,需要提高警惕。脑血管病病源性四种急性眩晕头晕综合征表现形式表现形式TIA缺血性卒中出血t-EVS(简短重复)旋转性椎动脉综合征CPPV(来自近四脑室的小缺血性梗死)CPPV(来自近四脑室的小出血)s-EVS(<24 h)PICA-孤立性眩晕AICA-眩晕±听力症状表现为一过性症状的小缺血性卒中[49]表现为TIA的蛛网膜下腔出血t-AVS(>24 h)与创伤和椎动脉夹层/TIA的重叠综合征与创伤和椎动脉夹层/卒中的重叠综合征与创伤和创伤性出血(硬膜下、蛛网膜下等)的重叠综合征s-AVS(>24 h)尚未见报告(与前庭偏头痛鉴别困难)PICA-孤立性眩晕AICA-眩晕±听力症状小-中的小脑出血参考文献:1. 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