《侏罗纪公园》不准确？——霸王龙是有羽毛的
跟amber一起看世界❤️
In 1993, Steven Spielberg's film Jurassic Park defined dinosaurs for an entire generation.
1993年，史蒂芬.斯皮尔伯格的电影《侏罗纪公园》定义了整整一代人心目中的恐龙形象。
It has been credited with inspiring a new era of palaeontology research.
这部电影据说激励了古生物学研究进入一个新的纪元。
But how much science was built into Jurassic Park, and do we now know more about its dinosaurs?
不过《侏罗纪公园》里到底融入了多少科学呢，关于其中的恐龙我们还了解些什么呢？
As its 25th anniversary approaches, visual effects specialist Phil Tippett and palaeontologist Steve Brusatte look back at the making of the film, and what we've learned since.
随着这部电影上映25周年日子的来临，视觉特效专家菲尔.蒂皮特和古生物学家史蒂芬.布鲁萨特回顾了这部影片的制作过程，以及我们能从中学到的东西。
So, first of all, what did Jurassic Park get wrong? It started off by inheriting some complications from Michael Crichton's novel, on which the film was based.
那么，首先，侏罗纪公园哪里出错了呢？这部电影沿袭了迈克尔.克莱顿原著小说的一些症结，在此基础上制作成了电影。
"I guess Cretaceous Park never had that same ring to it," laughs Brusatte.
“我猜白垩纪公园恐怕不会有这么受欢迎，”布鲁萨特笑道。
"Most of the dinosaurs are Cretaceous in age, that's true."
“不过其中大部分的恐龙其实是白垩纪的，这是事实。”
The Cretaceous period, which followed on from the Jurassic, was home to many of the dinosaurs which feature heavily in the film, including Tyrannosaurus rex, Velociraptorand Triceratops.
白垩纪是在侏罗纪之后的时期，才是影片中有重头戏的很多恐龙生活的时期，包括雷克斯霸王龙和三角龙。
The idea of recreating dinosaurs from preserved DNA also proves problematic.
从存留DNA中重建恐龙这个理念也是问题重重的。
"In order to clone a dinosaur you would need the whole genome, and nobody's ever even found a little bit of dinosaur DNA," says Brusatte.
“为了克隆一只恐龙你将需要完整的基因组，而目前还没有任何人找到过一丁点恐龙的DNA，”布鲁萨特说。
"So we're talking about something that's pretty difficult, if not impossible."
“所以这件事是极其困难的，如果说有一丝可能的话。”
Quibbling about such details may seem inconsequential.
在这种细节上吹毛求疵可能不会有什么结果。
But for a film that proudly treats its prehistoric cast of creatures as characters rather than monsters, Jurassic Park treads a fine line between scientific accuracy and cinematic fantasy.
不过对于一部炫耀它让史前真实的生物而不是怪兽出演的电影来说，《侏罗纪公园》徘徊于在科学准确性和电影幻想之间的界线之间。
How to build a dinosaur
如何打造出一支恐龙
Case in point - building an animal that no human being has ever seen, and making it as realistic as possible.
最关键的事情在于——打造一头没人见过的动物，并且让它尽可能逼真。
At the time, Jurassic Park was groundbreaking in its use of computer animation in tandem with animatronics.
当时，《侏罗纪公园》突破性地采用了电脑动画和电子动画学的串联。
Stop motion expert Phil Tippett, who had previously worked on Star Wars, was brought in as dinosaur supervisor, a role which would later earn him fame as an internet meme.
停格动画专家菲尔.蒂皮特，之前曾为《星球大战》工作过，他被雇为恐龙总监，为此他后来在网上爆红。
In addition to the film's consulting palaeontologist Jack Horner, Tippett also had a great deal of dinosaur knowledge.
除了影片的古生物学顾问杰克.霍纳之外，蒂皮特也拥有很多恐龙知识。
"[I] bought every book that came out on dinosaurs. So I was pretty well in tune with what the state of the science was at that point in time," he told us.
“我买了市面上所有关于恐龙的书。所以我跟上了当时的科学的脚步。”他对我们说。
T. rex
雷克斯霸王龙
Tippett remembers having to rein in some of the descriptions from the novel.
蒂皮特记得当时必须要删节掉小说中的一些描述。
"Crichton would have a Tyrannosaurus pick up the jeep like Godzilla. I was like a reality check to say 'well no he wouldn't do that, because... the physics don't work.'"
“克莱顿写道霸王龙会像怪兽哥斯拉一样抓起吉普车。我当时进行了实际检测发现'它不可能那样做，因为...物理上说不通。’”
"It still is a pretty good portrayal really," says Brusatte.
“不过这个描述还是很棒的，”布鲁萨特说。
"I think that was by far the most accurate depiction of T. rex that had ever been done up until that time."
“我认为这是截至那个时候对雷克斯霸王龙最准确的描述。”
"We now know that T. rex had really good vision, so if you sit still it could see you.
“如今我们知道了雷克斯霸王龙视力很好，所以就算你坐着不动，它也会看到你。”
You wouldn't be able to hide from it.
“你没法躲避它。”
It's also got a great sense of smell and a great sense of hearing, and all that's really emerged from the CAT scans of its brain, which have all taken place after the year 2000," he explains.
“它还拥有很好的嗅觉和不错的听觉，这些都是从它的大脑的CAT扫描中得到的，这些技术要在2000年之后才有，”他解释道。
Computer modelling has also shown that T. rex probably couldn't notch up a speed much above 20km per hour.
电脑建模还显示雷克斯霸王龙的速度不可能超过20公里每小时。
That's still faster than humans, but tyrannosaurs were likely unused to chasing prey over long distances.
这仍然比人快，不过霸王龙很可能不用长距离追捕猎物。
So running away was still worth a shot...
所以逃跑还是有一线生机的...
Raptors迅猛龙
Translating fossilised remains into the movements of a living creature is difficult work, so Tippett's team also went out to observe animals that resembled the dinosaurs they were creating.
将化石转变为活体生物的运动是一项艰巨的工作，因此蒂皮特的团队还去观察了跟他们创建的恐龙相似的动物。
They watched elephants to understand the gigantic, long necked brachiosaur, and ostriches for the stampeding Gallimimus.
他们观察了大象来理解那些巨大的，长脖子的腕龙，还看了鸵鸟来想象奔跑的似鸡龙。
Velociraptors, however, would have looked decidedly different to those in the film.
不过，迅猛龙跟影片中的形象会有很大的不同。
"The real Velociraptors from Mongolia are just about the size of a poodle.
“在蒙古发现的真正的迅猛龙只有狮子狗大小。”
And not one of those big weird looking poodles, but a miniature poodle," explains Brusatte.
“还不是那种很大的狮子狗，就是那种迷你狮子狗，”布鲁萨特解释道。
"They were kind of a generic version of a thing called Deinonychus," says Tippett, "which was much smaller than the raptors were in the movie."
“它们是一种叫做恐爪龙的恐龙的统称，”蒂皮特说，“比影片中的迅猛龙要小得多。”
We now know Deinonychus, meaning terrible claw, to be a somewhat intimidating, feathered early ancestor of modern day birds.
如今，我们知道恐爪龙，意味着拥有可怕的利爪，是一种吓人的，现代鸟类的带羽毛的祖先。
With the first feathered dinosaurs found in the late 1990s, and a feathered relative of T. rex uncovered in 2004, our visual understanding of dinosaurs has radically changed since 1993.
1990年代末期首次发现带羽毛的恐龙之后，2004年又发现了雷克斯霸王龙的带羽毛的亲属，因此我们对恐龙的印象从1993年以来发生了剧变。
Yet in 2015, Jurassic World came under fire for sticking to the featherless designs established in Jurassic Park over two decades earlier.
不过到了2015年，《侏罗纪世界》因为延续了二十年前的《侏罗纪公园》里没有羽毛的恐龙形象而受到了抨击。
It's one thing that Brusatte finds really jarring.
布鲁萨特也觉得这样不妥。
"We now know that dinosaurs, maybe even all dinosaurs, had some type of feather... It's a little bit weird actually for me to see dinosaurs portrayed without feathers. It just doesn't seem natural," he told us.
“我们如今知道了恐龙，甚至可能所有的恐龙，都有某种形式的羽毛...所以让我看那些没有羽毛的恐龙是有点奇怪的。看起来很不自然，”他告诉我们说。
Jurassic Park in 2018
2018年的《侏罗纪公园》
"I have completely different ideas of what [dinosaurs] should be like now," says Tippett.
“我现在对恐龙的样子有完全不妥的想法了，”蒂皮特说。
"If we were making a different dinosaur movie that didn't have to be Jurassic Park, I would do things totally differently…. a lot of this stuff that they've discovered about feathers is pretty significant and there's a lot of really interesting things you could do."
“假如我们要做一部不需要跟《侏罗纪公园》相像的恐龙的电影的话，我会按照完全不同的方式来做...他们发现的关于羽毛的很多事实还有很多其他有趣的东西，你都可以做。”
Brusatte is all in favour: "A T. rex is like a bus-sized Big Bird from hell, I think that's much scarier than a scaly green T. rex."
布鲁萨特很是支持。“一只霸王龙就像来自地狱的一只公交车大小的巨鸟，我觉得这会比一只绿色鳞片的雷克斯霸王龙吓人的多。”
Yet looking back at Jurassic Park, Brusatte finds little to dislike.
不过回过头来看《侏罗纪公园》，布鲁萨特还是感觉并不怎么反感。
"I think on balance Jurassic Park has been such a positive for palaeontology.
“我认为总体来说《侏罗纪公园》对于一个古生物学来说还是很积极的一个因素。”
Of course I could nitpick about the little inaccuracies but I think those are outweighed probably a million fold by the good that the movie has done.
“当然我也可以去挑剔那些不准确的地方，不过我认为电影的正面意义要百倍胜过它。”
"I don't know if I would have a job now if Jurassic Park didn't exist."
“假如没有拍《侏罗纪公园》的话我都不知道我还会不会有现在这份工作。”
· END ·
感谢关注
跟amber一起看世界