干货长文｜手把手教你写英文学术论文，适合论文小白！
关于我的一切和有用的推文点图片都可以找到哦！
各位童鞋，上次承诺给大家的英文学术论文的干货分享，终于和大家见面了！这次写了一万多字，赶上一篇长论文了！
我还制作了了一张非常全面的大图，通过这张图，我们可以看到英文论文是如何“开展逻辑思路”，“控制描述范围”和“安排字数的”。
因为该篇干货内容较多，这里先把大纲给大家，方便之后按图索骥和回顾。
1. 段落的结构
2. 如何开展引言
3. 阐述研究方法
4. 研究结果的展示
5. 结果的讨论和分析
6. 如何完成最后一部分结论
7. 如何写开始的摘要
8. 学术词语的替换和提升 （彩蛋）
在之前写过的学术英语干货里，我详细论述了研究计划，行文逻辑和思考过程，文章的描述范围，字数安排，常见的论文结构，等等。
有需要的童鞋们，同样戳👇下面的链接🔗，可以进行回顾和复习。
☑ 干货长文 | 如何开始你的第一篇英文写作 （Essay/毕业论文/期刊投稿都适用）
☑ 干货分享 | 如何在最后关头高效且高分的写一篇上万字的英文大论文？【Version 2.0】
☑ 干货分享｜如何有效的写一篇research proposal
☑ 干货分享 | 学会这几个小技巧，写Literature Review不再像大海捞针
☑ 干货分享｜如何通过“反复修改”来大幅的提高写essay的质量
但是在这个学术英语写作的干活输出过程中，我发现有不少童鞋的留言都很有代表性和普遍性，那就是，所有的干货和技巧我都了如指掌了，但一到下笔的时候，我还是提笔如千钧重负，干坐在书桌前一个来小时也写不出一个字来。
其实这种写作困难里是有两种原因的：
第一种原因就是脑子没有东西，就算拿母语写作也可以一天都磨不出一页纸来。
另外一种是要把自己所知的内容用合适的学术语言表达出来，精确简洁有逻辑地介绍科学现象，避免用有歧义的词汇，同时也要在平时下功夫去研究各个专业的学术英语用语，同义词，近义词之间的微妙区别，以便把它们用在最合适的场合里。
所以说，学术写作除了我以前提到的行文逻辑外，也需要用合适的语言，包括拼写，语法和格式等，也就是学术“颜值”来包装下。
今天就结合学术写作的第二种困难和一般的论文结构来具体讲下在一篇文章里，我们如何运用合适的英语语言来做行文和布局。
这里插播个小广告，给大家推荐我以前英国老师开设的普瑞英语工作室（客服微信: proofine）。需要润色的话找他们就可以啦！全部是native speakers修改各类语法问题/深度润色/原意重写。
1.
段落的结构
学术文章里除了整体的逻辑结构外，拆分到更具体的单元就是段落了。如何组织整体的段落不仅体现一位学者的行文造句能力，同时也体现TA的逻辑衔接能力。
一个典型的段落主要有三个部分组成：主题句（topic sentence）, 支撑句（supporting sentences ）和结论句 （concluding sentences）。
1.1 主题句
就是这个段落里最重要的，点明主旨的句子。
从写作者的角度来说，它揭示了这段的主要内容；从读者的角度看，TA能很快锁定这段的重要思想，决定要继续读下去还是跳过去。所以主题句在英文学术写作里讲究开门见山，亮出最早越好。
1.2 支撑句
通常有若干句子组成，主要作用是给主题句提供支撑或者延伸。在学术写作中，作者一般会在主题句里提出一个观点或者假设，然后在支撑句中体现相关的研究论证，这里面就可以更具体，涵盖例子，数据和引用他人观点等。
1.3结论句
在结论句里我们经常看到非常具有标志性词语的开头，比如in sum, to conclude等等。结论句是对整段话做总结的，可以点明主题，也可以呼应支撑句。
1.4 跳板句
除了这三种类型的句子意外，还有一类句子非常重要，叫做 “跳板句”。
这也是我原来写论文时导师经常指出来的“为啥你这段结束之后突然就转到这里了？中间为什么没有衔接？”
跳板句就是从上一段过渡到下一段，为接下来的内容做铺垫，也方便读者跟上思路。在《写作提高一点点》这本书里，一共总结了四种和学术写作相关的过渡：
◆ 观点过渡：两段之间的学术观点有不同时，就可以在段落结尾写“但是这个假设/观点并没有获得所有证据的支持，也有研究者认为…….”。
◆ 问题过渡：上一段阐述了一个观点，但这个研究还有knowledge gap或者problem, 那我们就可以在结尾的时候抛出这个知识空白或者研究问题，以便下一段详细展开。
◆ 事实过渡：这个过渡非常适合在上一段提出一个一般的研究领域后，在接下来的一段就其中比较有意思或者有亮点的地方再单独拿出来详细展开，尤其是和该论文研究重点高度相关的点。援引原书中的表述是“用有趣或者不寻常的事实进行过渡”。
◆ 实验间过渡：这个过渡想必理工科的同学们都不陌生，我们的文章里可以可能包括多个实验，所以我们需要在进行实验之前的方法里，就要告诉读者，为了回答该研究问题，我们要做几组实验，每个实验分别要做什么等等。
好，以上就是关于组成段落的四种句型，分别是“主题句”，“支撑句”，“结论句”和“跳板句”。
Notice
重要的图再贴一次，我们接下来开始展示论文的“骨架”， 每个部分的“写作要点”，“时态的运用” （亮点1），以及“学术英语句式和论文结构的结合”（亮点2）。
2.
如何开展引言
拿到一篇文章，绝大多数读者都会浏览一遍引言（introduction）部分的，如果引言写得好，才能吸引人有继续往下读的热情。
一个好的引言需要包括如下5个要点：
✔ 陈述该文章/论文涉及的广泛研究领域；
✔ 该文的学术重要性；
✔ 尽可能地收集和总结和该领域相关的文献，包括最相关的和5年之内的比较相关的；
✔ 需要涵盖对知识空白/不足的讨论，以及该文的主要贡献或亮点；
✔ 明确简洁的研究问题，研究目的和研究方法。
PS：如果是大论文，引言里还需要加上论文的大纲结构（outline structure），一般用两三句话放在引言的最后几句就可以了。
关于文献综述这里的具体内容，请同学们戳👇下面的链接🔗复习：
2.1 研究问题是什么?
一般可以通过“大致描述+关键词解释”来用几句话说明白，按照下面的例句把A+B组合起来就好。
A. 如何描述这个研究问题
建立一般化问题的重要性
✔ Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for …
✔ There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of …
✔ In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in …
B. 如何总结归纳定义关键词和概念
b1. 一般化的句子
✔ a considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies…
✔ what we know about X is largely based on empirical studies that investigate know…
b2. 引用多于两个作者
✔ several attempts have been made to… (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Jones, 2001)
✔ numerous studies have attempted to explain… (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).
b3. 如何解释关键词
✔ According to Smith (2002), X can be defined as follows: ' … ’
✔ It is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by …
b4. 暗示定义概念的困难
✔ Various definitions of talent are found in the field of language teaching…
✔ Smith (2001) identified two abilities that might be collected under the term X: one is…, and the second is….
C. 引言部分的时态问题
c1. 介绍事实和普遍存在用一般现在时态
✔ Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions.
c2. 介绍过去的研究成果用现在完成时态
✔ Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …
✔ A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
c3. 如果一个过去的研究成果是普遍存在的 (true for everyone everywhere)，那么主句一般过去式，分句一般现在时
✔ Baggio and Klinsmann (1944)releveled that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.
c4. 阐述期待的研究结果：条件情态动词+一般现在时态
✔ This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.
2.2 这个问题为什么重要
A. 过去某次重要的研究，分别强调研究者、时间、实验或者主题
a1. 强调研究者
✔ Ben and George performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that …
✔ Jones et al. (2001) interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured …
a2. 强调时间
✔ In 1889, Brown performed a bilateral ablation of the …
✔ Following World War 1, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
a3. 强调实验或者调查
✔ A key study comparing X and Y is that of Smith (2010), in which …
✔ The first systematic study of X was reported by Smith et al. in 1986.
a4. 强调主题
✔ X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
✔ The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Jones in 1970.
B. 引用整合句式，包括支持/反对/批判的论据
✔ Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
✔ Much of the available literature on X deals with the question of …，Others have highlighted the relevance of …
C. 总结评论的句式
✔ In all the studies reviewed here, X is recognized as …
✔ The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
✔ However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with …
D. 直接引用和转述
✔ Commenting on X, Smith (2003) argues: '… …’
✔ In the final part of the Theses on Feuerbach, Marx writes: 'Philosophers have hitherto only …’
2.3 如何找出研究中的Knowledge Gap
这部分是难点，很多人论文写完了，也不知道gap到底是啥。来来来，就通过下面的三种情况，你就能很快的找到你的研究方向。
A. 突出研究领域中的问题或者争议
✔ However, these rapid changes have a serious effect…
✔ Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.
✔ One major issue in early X research concerned…
B. 突出知识空白/差距
✔ In addition, no research has been found that surveyed…
✔ To date, research has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
✔ Experimental data is rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about…
C. 对比异同
c1. 差异性
✔ X differs from Y in a number of important ways.
✔ There are a number of important differences between X and Y
✔ Smith (2002) found distinct differences between X and Y.
c2. 相似性
✔ Both X and Y generally occurs in a “safe environment.”
✔ The mode of processing used by the right brain is similar to that used by the left brain.
c3. 比较级句式
✔ Girls tend to perform better/worse that boys on Chinese and English exams
✔ Adolescents are less likely to be put to sleep by alcohol than adults
✔ Men learned the route in fewer trials and made fewer errors that did women.
c4. 两句话的比较句式
✔ Speech functions are less likely to be affected in women because the critical area is less often affected. A similar pattern emerges in studies of the control of hand movements.
✔ The X text revealed that physically inactive people reported lesser life satisfaction and greater perceived stress, while exhibiting a statistically non-significant trend toward longer sleep duration, in contrast to physically active respondents.
2.4 怎样表述研究的学术价值
A. 需要注意的问题
🔸 不要上升为个人攻击；
🔸 不要为了批判而批判；
🔸 请教该领域相关专家，请教你的批判是否合适；
🔸 批判需对该研究领域有贡献
B. 针对作者和理论的批判
✔ Smith’s argument does not take account of…, nor does she examine…
✔ Many writers have challenged Jones’ claim on the grounds that…
✔ The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
C. 针对方法和路径的批判
✔ Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account…
✔ The generalizability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
✔ All of these studies thus far, however, suffer from…
D. 明确指出之前研究的不足之处
✔ However, Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of…
✔ Few studies have investigated X in any systematic way…
✔ Another weakness is the complete lack of explanation regarding…
E. 引用他人的批判支撑自己的论点
✔ The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
✔ Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on…
✔ There is growing body of literature that recognizes…
F. 提供建设性意见或建议
✔ Smith’s paper would have been more useful if he included…
✔ This paper might have been far more persuasive if the author had considered…
✔ The findings would have been much more convincing if the author adopted…
2.5 提供解决方案
A. 简要介绍研究问题和假设的目的
✔ An objective of this study was to investigate …
✔ There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate … 2. To ascertain …
✔ The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between X and Y.
B. 提供应用具体方法/实验的原因
✔ This thesis will examine the way in which the …
✔ The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: …
✔ Base on the extant literature, we designed the current preliminary investigation to examine…
这里要注意，这部分的描述应该采用一个倒三角形。
前面背景介绍应该是是宽泛的，偏生活化的，即使没有做过相关领域研究的人也能看懂。 这就是为什么你读一篇文章的前沿部分的开始几句是最轻松的。
接下来从文献综述开始就要开始学术化，到了目前现状的时候就要更细致。具体到研究gap时需要落脚到你的研究项目。
这里插入一个小广告，推荐我原来一位英国老师开设的专业语言润色机构——普瑞英语工作室，客服微信: proofine，写完论文后找他们Proofread就好啦！
3.
阐述研究方法
这部分的写作其实要求不难，很多时候可以边进行科研边完成。 要点就是用清晰明确简单的语言把运用的方法，材料和实验步骤都介绍清楚。
3.1 如何有效阐明研究方法
A. 一般规范
🔸 要有小标题
🔸 一般为被动语态
🔸 新的试验方法需要交代清楚，以便可被复制
🔸 已有方法需交代援引处
🔸 阐明统计方法
B. 样本，数据收集和测量方法
这三点是在研究方法章节里必不可少的环节。
✔ 样本里要讲清楚参与者、分析单元、取样方法、样本取舍原因，取样的不足之处等；
✔ 数据收集过程里要讲明白收集的方法，为什么要这么做，收集过程和步骤等；
✔ 测量方法里涉及到具体的量表内容，包括基础的量表设计(例如Likert), 对照量表或问卷，具体的计算方法等等。
C. 关于研究方法的时态
我们在这个章节要格外注意时态的问题，因为动词的时态变化是让读者和评审明确了解我们研究的重要环节。
c1. 如果是已知的既定事实，一般用现在时态。
✔ Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications.
c2. 如果阐述自己的研究方法，一般用过去时态。
✔ Participants for this pilot study were recruited through calls for participation posted on various social media platforms.
c3. 在描述材料环节，如果研究者没有改动实验所需材料，则用一般现在时即可；如果有替换，修改，增减等，则用过去时。
✔ Silicon is the core component of most, semiconductor devices, and demonstrates electrochemical properties in aqueous solutions.
✔ The silicon used in this study was an n-type silicon obtained from 100-mm diameter ingots grown using the Czochralski method.
c4. 描述数据的环节，如果是已知的既定事实，就有现在时态，如果是从自己的研究或者文献中获取的，则用过去时态。
✔ The population density of Shanghai is approximately 2,657 people per square kilometer.
✔ One-third of Internet users in Europe were infected by malware in 2010.
D. 具体例句表达
d1. 阐述多重研究方法
✔ Several methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and disadvantages.
✔ Previous studies have based their selection criteria on…
d2. 阐明具体方法的原因
✔ The semi-structured approach was chosen because……
✔ Quantitative measures supplement and extend qualitative analysis.
d3. 特定方法的阐述
✔ X was synthesized using the same method that was detailed for Y, using……
✔ The study used X to explore the subsurface of……
d4. 如何描述样本特性
✔ The random sample of patients with…was recruited from…
✔ All students described as using some sort of X procedure were include in the analysis.
✔ Just over half the sample (55%) were female, of which 78% were…
d5. 如何用不定式句式描述实验过程
✔ To rule out the possibility that X, the participants were……
✔ The vials were capped with… to prevent……
✔ To compare the score three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F- test was used.
d6. 如何用顺序词连接实验步骤
✔ Prior to commencing the study, ethical clearance was sought from…
✔ On obtaining written informed consent from the patients, a questionnaire was……
✔ Following this treatment, the sample were recovered and stored overnight.
d7. 研究过程里常见的动词
✔ The mean score for the two trials was subjected to multivariate analysis of variance to determine…
✔ The pilot interviews were conducted informally the trained interviewer…
✔ Data managements were performed over the course of the growing period from…
d8.方式副词的用法
✔ The tubes were accurately reweighed to six decimal places using…
✔ A sample of the concentrate was then carefully injected into…
✔ The medium was then aseptically transferred to a conical flask.
研究方法这一部分建议大家在做literature review的时候就把参考文献的methods给摘抄出来，然后根据自己情况改写。最好在做研究的过程中就一边总结结果一边写，防止遗漏要点。
4.
研究结果的展示
如果我们前面都按照步骤严格执行到这里，那么研究结果是相对容易写出来的，主要内容是我们对收集的数据用某种研究方法处理后得到了哪些结果。
这里面需要注意的是复杂数据的结果写起来会有些难度，我们要以自己的主要发现为阐述主体，再组织梳理研究结果，不重要的结果要果断舍弃。
4.1 结果需包含的一般准则
🔸 结果要清楚和具体，并提供足够的细节支持；
🔸 要在结论部分一开始就表明对结果的分析是否回答了作者的研究问题；
🔸 方便读者理解，我们需要简要介绍在非技术性术语里使用的多元统计方法，例如什么是多重回归分析法和因子分析法；
🔸 要对实验里列出的数据和图表进行总结和讨论；
🔸 在展示结果中，需要把涉及到的某张图片或者表格向读者交代清楚，比如第一栏里的数据1代表……
4.2 描述结果的时态
A. 描述发现时，用一般过去时
✔ Participants in each reward trial selected the high-probability stimulus significantly more often than the low-probability stimulus (P<0.05).
B. 和其他研究进行结果比较时用一般现在时
✔ Conversely, our results demonstrate improved performance over previously proposed methods.
C. 比较不同类型的结果时，用一般过去时
✔ Cost showed a tendency to decrease over the 18-month period.
D. 表格和数据用一般现在时表达
✔ Table III showed the results of the independent t-test.
E. 用试探性或情态动词表达对结果的评价
✔ Managerial accountants might be generally averse to outsourcing.
F. 用一般现在时表达对结果的应用和展望等，配以试探性或情态动词
✔ Urea nitrogen concentrations of less than 7 mg/dL indicate a deficiency in dietary protein.
4.3 具体的例句表达
A. 回溯研究目的或研究过程
✔ The purpose of experiment 5 was to…
✔ To distinguish between these two possibilities…
B. 高亮表格里的数据
✔ What is striking about the figures in this table is…
✔ From this table, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for…
C. 展示积极或消极的结果
✔ Strong evidence of X was found when…
✔ A positive correlation was found between X and Y.
✔ No difference greater than X was observed.
✔ Only trace amounts of X were detected in…
D. 如何展示调查和采访类结果
✔ The majority of those who responded to this item felt that…
✔ A recurrent theme in the interviews was a sense amongst interviewees that…
✔ The overall response to the survey was poor.
E. 如何总结发现
✔ In summary, these results show that…
✔ Together these results provide important insights into…
✔ These results suggest that…
这里要再次强调下，数据的展示要是经过分析的，有规律可循的数据。
尽量多用图标，曲线图，表格，图片等来展示数据。
只描述最高，最低，转折的数据。注意强调趋势，比如上升，下降，平稳等等。
5.
结果的讨论和分析
这部分需要解释和描述我们研究发现的重要性，并和以前的研究做比较分析，从而展示作者的研究能力和思辨意识。
A. 很多同学在结果的讨论部分要注意几个“要”和几个“不要”
🔸 我们要做的：
✔ 一定要给出研究的未来方向；
✔ 要尽量彻底阐述我们的观察结果，重点放在机制上；
✔ 如果有其他的研究可能性，需要阐明；
✔ 要确保回答了假设或研究问题。
🔸 我们不要做的：
✔ 不要整句复述研究结果，仅需用简单句连接读者和发现；
✔ 建议或者展望放在在讨论或者结论环节都可，但不要两个环节里都放；
✔ 不要出现新的研究发现；
✔ 第一视角（作者角度）陈述没有问题，但不要过多；
✔ 要在一个合适的深度解读我们的研究数据的意义，不能仅说“我们的研究数据支持了我们的假设”；
✔ 每一次的研究结果不能是 “未完成状态” （incomplete）。
B. 具体例句展示
b1. 讨论部分的结果重述
✔ The most compelling finding is that…
✔ On the question of X, the research shows that…
✔ Another crucial finding is that…
b2. 对结果的解释
✔ Several explanations for this result are possible.
✔ This rather contradictory result may be caused by…
✔ The observed increase in X can be attributed to…
b3. 未预期的结果如何表述
✔ An unanticipated finding was that…
✔ What is surprising is that…
✔ However, the observed difference between X and Y in this study was not significant.
b4. 引用之前的研究支持或否定研究发现
✔ These results are consistent with those of related studies, and suggest that…
✔ This also agrees with our earlier observations, which demonstrated that…
✔ In contrast to earlier findings, no evidence of X was detected.
✔ This research was unable to demonstrate that…
b5. 对后续研究的建议
✔ Future research should be conducted to investigate the…
✔ Research questions that could be asked include…
✔ Additional analysis that account for these variables will need to be performed.
C. 时态问题的处理
c1. 解释结果时的两种表达：
一种是用一般现在时，这和在前言里的应用是一样的，属于介绍事实和普遍存在的状态；
✔ These results indicate that company size influences corporate reporting patterns.
另一种是用一般过去时，表示这个结果仅存在于这个研究实验里。
✔ These results indicate that company size influenced corporate reporting patterns.
c2. 设计目的、假设或者重述研究发现时，用一般过去时
✔ This research attempted to assess and compare three models of audio-visual fusion.
c3. 解释局限性时，一般过去时或者现在时+情态动词都可
✔ Surveying other departments may produce different results.
c4. 进行研究发现的比较时，用一般现在时
✔ Our findings agree with those of both Max (2002) and Jones (2010).
c5. 进行研究展望时，用一般现在时+试探性动词或情态动词
✔ Spirochetes appear to grow preferentially on the external surface of subgingival plague.
D. 如何用英文清楚地表述因果关系
d1. 动词表示因果
✔ lack of protein may cause mental retardation.
✔ Much of the instability stems from the economic effects of the war.
✔ Beriberi is a disease resulting from vitamin deficiency.
d2.名词表示因果
✔ a consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness.
✔ Many other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels.
✔ A consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness.
d3. 介词短语和副词表示因果
✔ over 200,000 people per year become deaf because of/as a result of a lack of iodine.
✔ Warm air rise above the surface of the sea, thereby creating an area of low pressure.
d4. 其他
✔ X and Y are important driving factors of Z.
✔ The mixing of X and Y exerts a powerful effect on Z through…
✴ 这里给大家提供一个构思时的小技巧，就是：
分析和结果是比较“微观”的，只是单纯的一个实验或研究最后呈现的内容，对于这样的一个内容进行一定的分析，就是“具体事情具体分析”。
而讨论是比较“宏观”的，它可能是针对一组内的多个实验的结果，站在一个更高的角度去探讨这些结果之间的“某种联系”，或是推测这些结果可能推导出的结论等。
讨论也可以对于前面提出的很多种猜测后，根据呈现出的实验结果，得到一些可能是结论的想法。
6.
最后的结论
在论文写作中，有些朋友会将结论写成结果，而且学科不同对结果部分的撰写也会有一些区别，但不论哪种，结果（results）和结论(conclusion)是不同的。
学术写作的结论部分需要对结果的讨论分析有一个进一步的认识，结论里一定要：
✔ 阐述该研究结果说明了什么问题，原理，机制或者规律（理论价值）;
✔ 如何在实际中运用（实践价值）;
✔ 适当的建议及展望;
✔ 和之前的研究成果作对比，可以有哪些补充完善发展等；
✔ 有些领域还喜欢指出今后的研究设想或者该领域值得进一步深入研究的其他问题等等，以上是结论部分可以包含的部分，但不是全部内容都需要具备。
根据我们不同学科的特点，结论部分的内容也可以有不同的侧重点：
✔ 有些注重综合性的分析和概括；
✔ 有些要在回答本文问题的基础上进一步发展与该研究结果相关的其他关键问题；
✔ 有些是要着笔于和前人研究对比后的补充完善和发展；
✔ 有些是对未来研究趋势的展望，在分析完该论文结果的基础上，对设计的理论，价值，观点，实验方法等提出具有指导未来的建议。
6.1 如何将研究结果嵌入更广泛的领域
A. 我们可以做的：描述理论对研究结果的支持，可行性的实践应用，将研究结果扩展到其他相关领域以及展望将来的研究趋势等。
B. 具体例句展示
b1. 描述研究趋势
✔ This table shows that there has been a slight (gradual steady, marked steep, sharp) increase (rise, decrease, fall decline, drop) in the number of divorces in China and South Korean since 1985.
b2. 可行性的实践应用
✔ These findings suggest several courses of action for...
✔ Another noteworthy practical implication is that…
✔ Unless governments adopt X, Y will not be attained.
b3. 研究发现的重要性
✔ These findings enhance our understanding of …
✔ Overall, these findings suggest that X plays a role in promoting Y.
✔ The current findings add substantially to our understanding of…
6.2 关于结论不同侧重点的具体例句表达
A. 总结主要研究发现
a1. These experiments confirmed that……
a2. The most obvious findings to emerge from this study is that……
a3. X has made no significant difference to……
B. 阐述该研究发现的重要性和贡献度
b1. This approach will prove useful in expanding our understanding of how……
b2. The present study has confirmed the findings of Smith et al. (2001) which found that……
C. 重述研究目的及其重要性
c1. The main goal of the current study was to demine……
c2. This project was undertaken to design… and evaluate…
c3. This essay has discussed the reasons for…
D. 阐述该研究的局限性
d1. The scope of this study was limited in terms of……
d2. An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether…….
d3. One source of weakness in this study which could have affected the measurements of X was……
E. 基于局限性上的发现和贡献
e1. In spite of this limitations, the study certainly adds to our understanding of the……
e2. Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample, this work offers valuable insights into……
e3. Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate……
F. 对今后研究工作的展望
f1. This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.
f2. Further experiments, using a broader range of X, could shed more light on……
f3. A greater focus on X could produce interesting findings that account more for……
G. 实践层面的建议/意见
g1. Greater efforts are needed to ensure……
g2. The findings of this study have a number of practical implications.
g3. Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to……
6.3 结论部分的时态问题
就结论部分而言，一般现在时和➕情态动词的句式会比较多一些。
因为结论和结果部分的时态具有很多重合性，这里就不具体展开了，大家可以参考第四部分结果的讨论与分析的时态分析。
6.4 最后再来说一下Results结果/ Discussion
讨论/Conclusion结论三者之间的关系和区别。
今天看到一学生的文章，这三部分翻来覆去就那几句话，一篇文章中最重要的部分竟然在相互copy。下面分别说下这三者：
🔸 Results结果：
✔ 首先，这里展示的数据不是原始数据，而是分析后的数据。
✔ 其次，用图表和表格来表达数据，你不需要一个个将所有数据列举出来。
✔ 再次，你在文字解释部分强调的是重要数据，走势，以及重大发现。
🔸 Discussion讨论：
讨论部分应该说明Results中数据的关系，主要强调分析和理解。并且能够回答你前面提出的“研究目的/问题”。
✔ 你可以在讨论部分尝试回答这些问题：
✔ results中的数据表明了什么规律？
✔ 是什么样的原因导致了数据的这个走势？
✔ 这个趋势说明了什么问题？
✔ 预示着未来有什么变化？
✔ 你是不是排除了一些不好的数据？为什么？
✔ 你这种研究方法的缺点是什么？改进空间？
🔸 Conclusion总结：
你可以在Results中分好几段，得到好几组数据。但总结是针对整篇论文的，而不是某一组数据。所以这里需要把Results中几组结论“整合”在一起。
✔ 例如：针对怎样的问题，进行了怎样的研究。最后得出了一个怎样的结论或者解决了一个怎样的问题进行“重点概括的描述”。
需要突出的是你解决的问题。
7.
如何写摘要
把摘要放在最后是因为绝大部分情况下我们都是在论文整体写完之后才进行最开头的摘要写作。虽然摘要往往放在最后写，但它确实一篇文章的精华所在。
根据现行普遍的会议/期刊/论文的要求，摘要一般在200字左右。摘要中既有该文章的重要性和创新性，也能看出文章的难度，同时也是帮助读者快速了解是否有必要通读全文的必要性。
7.1 写摘要需要考虑的关键问题
🔸 你的研究领域是什么：
应该直接切入文章的主题，不需要从背景入手。
🔸 你想研究什么问题？为什么？阐明你的目的：
这里注意研究问题或者摘要的第一句话可以呼应论文题目，或者这里要出现论文里的关键词。
🔸 你打算如何进行？采用什么方式和手段：
1-2句话即可。
🔸 你都发现了什么？总结最重要的发现和结果：
直接说最终要的，放弃旁支。
🔸 你的研究结果有什么意义和创新性：
如果字数有限，这块也可不写。
7.2 摘要结构
论文的摘要一般包括五个部分，每个部分具体要说的内容如下：
🔸 动机：
你为什么关注这个问题？如果我们的研究不是那么“有意思”的话，最好在一开始能交代清楚该问题的意义；如果你研究的问题很重要，也需要把问题陈述在这里交代一下，当然，还有这个领域的不足或者研究困难等也可以代出。
🔸 问题陈述：
你要试图解决什么样的问题，你研究范围的广度，你的研究方法是一般意义上的方法还是特殊的方法？在摘要这里要尽快让读者清楚你要研究什么问题。
🔸 方法：
你会如何解决这个问题？在自然科学领域，你是否用到了模拟，分析模型，图表说明？在人文社科领域，你用的是质性分析还是量化分析？你是否用到了采访，焦点小组，田野调查等方法？
这部分在摘要的中间部分，需要用简短的语言给出一些具体数字，比如多少人参加这个采访，采访进行了多久，采访是随机采访还是半结构化采访？
🔸 结果：
研究结果是什么？这里不需要用大词，只需要和这个领域聚焦的具体问题比，你是否得到了更快，更便宜，更好的结果。
这里也可以放具体的数字，比如百分比来表明不同。避免用较为模糊的词语，例如very，some等等，更多学术词语的选择可以看后面的彩蛋部分。
🔸 结论：
你的研究有什么重要意义？对这个领域有创新性贡献还是给其他研究者提供了“此路不通，莫费时间”的证据？
在结论处我们需要回答有没有解决一开始提出的研究问题？我们得到的结果是否可以进一步应用到这个研究领域的其他方面，这部分也不能很啰嗦。
7.3 附两份具体摘要模版（自然/社科）
在这里给大家附上两份模版，可以借鉴的学术写作句式都会标红供大家参考，横线上的词句都是可以根据自己的需要进行不同的替换的。
当然，还有其他风格和写作方式的模板，需要同学们自己在平时多注意积累和搜集，还有拆分应用。
🔸 自然科学模版:
施一公的《如何提高英文写作与阅读》在网上广为流传，这里摘取他的团队2020年一篇发表在Cell Research上面的论文摘要，大家可琢磨研读下学者大佬的行文风格和我们可以借鉴的句式。
(1). The nuclear pore complex (NPC) exhibits structural plasticity and has only been characterized at local resolutions of up to 15 Å for the cytoplasmic ring (CR).
(2). Here we present a single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the CR from Xenopus laevis NPC at average resolutions of 5.5–7.9 Å, with local resolutions reaching 4.5 Å.
(3). Improved resolutions allow identification and placement of secondary structural elements in the majority of the CR components.
(4). The two Y complexes in each CR subunit interact with each other and associate with those from flanking subunits, forming a circular scaffold.
(5). Within each CR subunit, the Nup358-containing region wraps around the stems of both Y complexes, likely stabilizing the scaffold. Nup205 connects the short arms of the two Y complexes and associates with the stem of a neighboring Y complex.
(6). The Nup214-containing region uses an extended coiled-coil to link Nup85 of the two Y complexes and protrudes into the axial pore of the NPC.
(7). These previously uncharacterized structural features reveal insights into NPC assembly.
🔸 人文社科模版：
这篇是摘取丹麦奥尔堡大学一位国际关系专业的博士毕业（2019）答辩论文中的摘要内容，他的论文被其中一名匿名评审评价道，这是他从事20多年学术工作中见到过的最well-structured的论文，方法论章节写得清楚简洁，并能坚定地捍卫自己的论文立场，实属不易。
(1). Exploring the relationship between the rise of China and the existing international order and global governance, this PhD thesis provides a China-based interpretive perspective and contributes to constructing a framework of “international leadership with Chinese characteristics” (ILCC) as a complementary analytical and explanatory structure.
(2). The thesis argues that the conceptual framework of the ILCC is co-shaped by a variety of components, such as Chinese cultural legacies and philosophical thought, China’s involvement in and contribution to the process and architecture of global governance, and China’s understanding and perception of international relations as well as other countries’ role expectations.
(3). Methodologically, the thesis applies relational theory, based on Chinese cultural and political thought, to redefining the key components (power, interest, vision) of international leadership through the logic of relationality/guanxi, leading to the construction of the ILCC with the inclusion of facilitative leadership, constructive leadership, and exemplary leadership.
(4). Role theory, using a combination of national role conceptions (NRCs) and national role performance (NRP), is applied to provide empirical analysis (verifying or falsifying) of the proposed ILCC framework.
(5).Empirically, the ILCC is applied by analyzing the interplay between a number of variables, such as Chinese leaders’ and decision-makers’ speeches and statements, China’s policy making and external behavior.
(6). The major contribution of the thesis is that it provides a holistic analytical and explanatory framework for understanding the rise of China and identifying China’s role in the transformation of global governance.
插播一个小广告，给大家推荐我以前英国老师开设的普瑞英语工作室（客服微信: proofine）。需要润色的话找他们就可以啦！全部是native speakers修改各类语法问题/深度润色/原意重写。
8.
学术词语的替换和提升(彩蛋)
在这个彩蛋部分，我给大家总结了一些关于英语学术写作的高频词语，希望大家也可以根据这个格式继续往下扩充下去。
所有这些词汇，都将随着我们文献阅读的积累和学术写作的练习不断壮大。不论是平时的学术英语词汇扩充还是学术写作时的案边参考，都是一个不错的选择。
8.1 学术动词
在进行写作时，我们经常需要阐述、转述或者引用一些观点和论据，这个时候我们能选择的动词表达不仅需要多样化，还需要简洁而准确。
Agreed, asserted, approached, admitted, accounted for…
Catalogued, considered, contended, complained, cautioned, characterized, clarified, compared the mean scores, conceived of, created…
Described, denoted, designated, disclosed, demonstrated, distinguished between…
Examined, evaluated, exhibited, experimented with…
Formulated, filed…
Held that since, highlighted…
Investigated, indexed, indicated, inventoried, intimated…
Looked at/into, listed…
Manifested, made the distinction…
Named, negotiated…
Observed that…
Presented, pointed out, proposed…
Questioned, quoted…
Recorded, revealed, raised the question as to, reviewed…
Studied, stated, signified, specified, scheduled, suggested…
Tabulated, tallied, thought that…
Warned, wrote…
8.2 词语提升
在日常英文学术写作的时候，我们需要去寻找适合本学科研究领域的词汇，通识需要兼顾它的简单性，简洁性和准确性，尽量少用或不用具有歧义或者多义的词汇。
下面给大家列举一些常用词汇的替换形式。
🔸 A系列
Affect: influence, shape
A number of: several, many, numerous
As such time as: when
Along the lines of: such as
A majority of: most
🔸 C系列
Carry out: implement, execute, promulgate, conduct
Change: modify, adjust, alter, vary
Complicated: complex, cumbersome, intricate
Correct/incorrect: precise, imprecise, accurate, inaccurate
Consider: evaluate, assess
Check: verify, confirm
🔸 D系列
Different: distinct, diverse, various, varied
🔸 F系列
Find: determine, derive attain located, identify
Figure out: distinguish, differentiate, discriminate, identify
🔸 G系列
Give indication of: indicate, suggest
Give consideration to: consider
🔸 H系列
Help: assist, facilitate, guide, direct
Happens to be: am, is, are
🔸 I系列
Important: critical, crucial, essential, pertinent, relevant, significant, vital
Improve: enhance, upgrade, elevate
Is made of: consists of, comprises, is composed of
Is found to be: is
Is capable of: can
Is in a position to: can
In view of the fact that: because
In case: if
In this case: here
In some cases: occasionally
In no case: never
In most cases: usually
In many cases: often
In all cases: always
It is possible that: may, might, could, can
🔸 L系列
Little/Few: seldom, slightly
🔸 M系列
Make clear: elucidate, clarify
Make sure: ensure, assure
Make inquiry regarding: ask about, inquire about
Manner In which: how
Meet: satisfy, fulfill, adhere to
Much/strongly: markedly, considerably, substantially
🔸 N系列
Need: require, stipulate, necessitate
Notwithstanding the fact that: although
🔸 P系列
Problem: limitation, restriction, obstacle, hindrance
Put an end to: end
Provided that: if
🔸 R系列
Realize: comprehend, perceive, understand
Reach a conclusion: conclude
🔸 S系列
Solve: alleviate, modify, resolve, eliminate, eradicate
Suitable: appropriate, adequate
Subsequent to: after, following
Serves the function of: is
🔸 T系列
Tries: attempts, aims, aspires
The question as to: whether
🔸 U系列
Usually: normally, typically, generally
🔸 V系列
Very: highly, rather, quite, extremely
🔸 W系列
Way: method, means, approach, strategy
Whole: complete, entire, comprehensive
8.3 学术词汇及其常用形态
我们在写作过程中，不仅会遇到多义词，同义词，需要简化的词组，很多时候还要面对同一词汇的单复数、时态，动名词等变化，这也是不少同学会经常卡壳儿的地方。
下面也总结了一些这样的高频词汇共大家参考。
🔸 A系列
Abandon: abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons,
Academy: academia, academic, academically, academics, academies
Accompany: accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied…
Assume: assumed, assumes assuming, assumption, assumptions
Attribute: attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution
🔸 B系列
Benefit: beneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting benefits
Bias: biased, biases, biasing, unbiased
Bond: bonded, bonding, bonds
Brief: brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs
Bulk: bulky
🔸 C系列
Clarify: clarification, clarified, clarifies clarifying clarity
Commit: commitment, commitments, commits, committed, committing
Constrain: constrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, unconstrained
Contact: contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts
Culture: cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured
🔸 D系列
Display: displayed，displaying，displays
Dispose: disposable，disposal， disposed, disposes, disposing
Diverse: diversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversity
Dominate: dominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination
Dynamic: dynamically, dynamics
🔸 E系列
Enhance: enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing
Error: erroneous, erroneously, errors
Expand: expanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive
Exploit: exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploit
Extract: extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts
🔸 F系列
Final: finalize, finalized, finalizes, finalizing, finality, finally, finals
Flexible: flexibility， inflexible，inflexibility
Focus: focused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing
Found: founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded
Function: functional，functionally, functioned, functioning, functions
🔸 G系列
Generate: generated, generates, generating
Globe: global, globally, globalization
Grade: graded, grades, grading
Grant: granted, granting, grants
🔸 H系列
Hierarchy: hierarchical, hierarchies
Highlight: highlighted, highlighting, highlights
Hypothesis: hypotheses, hypothesize, hypothesized, hypothesizes, hypothesizing, hypothetical, hypothetically
🔸 I系列
Internal: internalize，internalized, internalizes, internalizing, internally
Intervene: intervened，intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions
Invoke: invoked, invokes, invoking
Issue: issued, issues, issuing
Integrate: integrated, integrates, integrating, integration
🔸 L系列
License: licenses, licensed, licensing, unlicensed
Link: linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links
Logic: illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians
🔸 M系列
Margin: marginal, marginally, margins
Mediate: mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation
Method: methodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, method
Modify: modification, modifications modified, modifies, modifying, unmodified
Monitor: monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored
🔸 N系列
Negate: negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives
Network: networked, networking, networks
Neutral: neutralization, neutralize, neutralized, neutralizes, neutralizing, neutrality
Normal: abnormal, abnormally, normalization, normalize, normalized, normalizes, normalizing, normality, normally
🔸 O系列
Objective: objectively, objectivity
Obtain: obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable
Offset: offsets, offsetting
Option: optional, options
Overlap: overlapped, overlapping, overlaps
🔸 P系列
Parallel: paralleled, parallels, unparalleled
Partner: partners, partnership, partnerships
Passive: passively, passivity
Perceive: perceived, perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions
Period: periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods
🔸 Q系列
Quote: quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting
Qualitative: qualitatively
🔸 R系列
Recover: recoverable，recovered，recovering, recovers, recovery
Reject: rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections
Relax: relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing
Refine: refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining
Region: regional, regionally, regions
🔸 S系列
Seek: seeking, seeks, sought
Simulate: simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation
Specific: specifically, specification, specifications, specificity, specifics
Strategy: strategic, strategies, strategically, strategist, strategists
Submit: submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting
🔸 T系列
Technology: technological, technologically
Theme: themes, thematic, thematically
Trace: traceable, traced, traces, tracing
Transfer: transferable, transference, transferred, transferring, transfers
Trigger: triggered, triggering, triggers
🔸 U系列
Undergo: undergoes, undergoing, undergone, underwent
Undertake: undertaken, undertakes, undertaking, undertook
Unify: unification, unified, unifies, unifying
Unique: uniquely, uniqueness
Utilize: utilization, utilized, utilizes, utilizing, utilizer, utility, utilities
🔸 V系列
Valid: invalidate, invalidity, validate, validated, validating, validation validity, validly
Violate: violated, violates, violating, violation, violations
Visible: visibility, visibly, invisible, invisibility
Visual: visualize, visualized, visualizing, visualization, visually
Volume: volumes, vol.
到这里，这个关于适合小白学术英语写作的入门指导系列结束啦。同学们对这个干货系列还有什么想法和建议，欢迎给我留言。同时别忘了给自己的学术英语银行里继续扩充词汇和短语哦！
在这里我还是给大家推荐我以前英国老师开设的普瑞英语工作室（客服微信: proofine）。需要润色的话找他们就可以啦！
另外他们还有不同等级的加急服务，专门处理各种突发状况，可以说是在最后关头的救命稻草了。
朋友们记得经常来看看我呀，
可以把我设为「星标」☆~
步骤如图：