生物分析专栏 | 经皮给药制剂的药代动力学和生物分析
根据药物在皮肤上的应用和目的可以分为表皮给药、真皮给药和经皮给药。
表皮和真皮给药均为局部起效的外用制剂,针对发病部位的不同,通过渗透作用到达不同的皮层,发挥治疗效果。剂型包括溶液、乳液、凝胶、药膏、药贴和泡沫。治疗领域包括细菌感染、真菌或酵母菌感染、病毒感染、瘙痒、痤疮等。这类局部外用制剂其渗透过程多为被动吸收过程。通常情况下药物不被吸收入血,因此其在血液中的暴露量通常极低,不易被检测到。并且局部皮肤用药的系统暴露量一般来说与药效没有直接关系,因此基于血液中暴露量的药代动力学研究方法一般不适用于局部皮肤用药的生物等效性研究[3]。
本文仅讨论局部给药后全身起效的经皮给药制剂,局部起效的表皮给药和真皮给药等外用制剂不在讨论范围内。
图1 表皮的结构[18]
图4 经皮渗透途径 [23]
图6 每年FDA批准的经皮给药制剂数据(1982~2020.5)[29]
图8 一室模型[30]
图9 二室模型[30](注:各房室i的平均浓度Ci分别为载体、表皮、角质层、活性表皮层和血液分别表示为v、epi、sc、ve或b)
图10 健康绝经后妇女口服与经皮给予雌激素后血浆雌二醇和代谢物雌酮浓度的差异[33](A:多次口服雌二醇(1 mg/day)后血浆雌二醇和雌酮的平均浓度。B:多次使用雌二醇凝胶(0.75 mg/day)后血浆中雌二醇和雌酮的平均浓度)
图11 健康绝经后妇女使用不同的雌激素经皮给药系统后血浆中雌二醇平均浓度[33](A:使用雌二醇贴剂7天(0.25 mg/day和0.5 mg/day)后血浆中雌二醇平均浓度。B:使用多剂量的雌二醇凝胶(0.75 mg/天)后血浆中雌二醇平均浓度。C:经皮给药(喷雾1.53mg/天)后血浆中雌二醇平均浓度)
图12 单次敷贴24 mg/36cm2奥昔布宁贴剂后平均血药浓度-时间曲线(n=12)[34]
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