I. 语篇类型、主题语境与题材
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2019
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全国I卷
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记叙文
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人与自然
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环境治理
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2019
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全国II卷
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夹叙夹议
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人与自然
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人与动物
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2019
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全国III卷
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记叙文
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人与自然
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环境改善
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2020
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全国I卷
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夹叙夹议
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人与自我
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正确的人生态度
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2020
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全国II卷
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记叙文
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人与社会
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两幅名画
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2020
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全国III卷
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记叙文
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人与社会
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良好的人际关系与社会交往
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1. 完形填空题型以记叙文和夹叙夹议类文章为主流。2. 完形填空题主题覆盖了人与自然、人与自我、人与社会。
II. 语篇三要素
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2019
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全国I卷
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Para.1-What
Para.2&3&4-How
Para.5-Why
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2019
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全国II卷
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Para.1-What
Para.2&3&4-How
Para.5-Why
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2019
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全国III卷
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Para.1&2-
What
Para.3-How
Para.4&5-Why
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2020
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全国I卷
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Para.1-What
Para.2&3-How
Para.4-Why
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2020
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全国II卷
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Para.1-What
Para.2-How
Para.3-Why
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2. 事情如何发生的；作者如何展开情节的（how）；3. 为什么有该事件的发生，也即促发该事件的发生背后的正能量是什么（why）。
III. 考核类型占比（共20小题）
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真题卷名称
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基础考核
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逻辑思维考核
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批判性思维考核
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2019全国I
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计13小题（41、42、45、49、50、51、52、54、56、57、58、59、60）
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计6小题
（43、44、46、47、48、55）
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计1小题
（53）
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2019全国II
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计5小题（43、46、55、59、60）
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计14小题
（41、42、44、45、47、48、49、50、52、53、54、56、57、58）
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计1小题
（51）
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2019全国III
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计6小题（41、43、45、47、48、53）
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计13小题
（42、44、46、49、50、52、54、55、56、57、58、59、60）
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计1小题
（51）
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2020全国I
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计12小题（42、43、44、45、46、47、51、53、54、55、57、59）
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计7小题
（41、48、50、52、56、58、60）
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计1小题
（49）
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2020全国II
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计8小题
（43、45、46、47、51、55、57、58）
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计10小题
（41、42、44、48、49、50、53、54、56、60）
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计2小题
（52、59）
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2020全国III
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计6小题
（42、43、46、52、58、59）
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计13小题
（41、44、45、47、48、49、50、51、53、54、56、57、60）
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计1小题
（55）
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3. 全国I、II、III卷均设置1~2题来考测学生的批判性思维能力。
IV. 基于基础考测、逻辑性思维考测、批判性思维考测的解题策略
█误区1 对单词意思把握过关，但忽略了小语境的逻辑通顺或意义通顺[题例 2019全国I--第3题] The crowds might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing, changing the _3_ of Kilimanjaro.[解析]不少学生选A.position, 译为“地位”，仿佛也行，但结合该题前一句来理解就不难发现，两句话之间缺乏逻辑关系。The glaciers are disappearing.指的不是该山脉的地位，而是该山的外观特征或地貌，故而选C.face.[结论] 完形填空考核考生单词或词块在语境中的得体应用，要求考生能结合前后句意思，做出选择。█误区2 考生不认识单词，要么侥幸选择，要么找一个意思凑乎的选项以自圆其说[题例 2019全国I--第4题] Hearing these stories, I’m _4_ about the place---other destinations are described as “pure”natural experiences.[解析]不少学生选C，并将整个句子译为“听到了这些说法，我感觉这个地方很严重”。事实上，若按上述翻译的话，应该表达为“I feel that the situation in the pace is serious.”[结论] 完形填空要求考生能精准地把握常见高频词汇的含义；要求考生有扎实的语法基本功帮助其读懂文本字面意思以支撑考生达到深度解读文本的阅读能力。[题例 2019全国I--第18题] Above 4,000 meters is the highland desert : gravel（砾石), stones and rocks. _18_ you climb into an arctic-like zone with permanent snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.[解析]不少学生选C。实际上，consequently在语用中多半指的是“恶果”。作者在这里用的结果，仅是按顺序描写从山脚到山顶的植被及气候的变化，这里的结果用finally更为合适。[结论] 研究近3年高考真题，我们不难发现命题专家在完形填空这个题型的命题过程中所遴选的词汇并不是3500个必考词汇中难认、难写的那些词，而基本都是对同学们来说极为常见却又很难精准把握的词汇。今天，笔者就把这些词汇拎出来供大家分享、熟读、记忆。
【附】完形填空高频词汇辨析清单
1. the weather changes v.天气有变化
the weather clears v.天气变晴/放晴
2. eventually/finally ad.结果 (中性词)
consequently ad.结果 (贬义词,多指恶果)
3. urge v.强烈要求；敦促
demand v.需求；要求
4. instead ad.代而替之；而不是(两个并列事物之间的替代)
however ad.但是；然而(一件事情的反向转折)
*He didn’t have breakfast at home. Instead, he had it at school.
*He didn’t have breakfast at home. However, he said he was not angry.
5. walk n.用脚走路
tour n.巡回旅游；巡回演唱会(强调一来一回完成一个循环)
travel n.从A地到B地；旅游(总称，更多是表示概念)
voyage n.航空/航海旅行
trip n.短途旅游
journey n.长途陆路旅行
7. disabled a.(机械、车辆等)出故障的; (人、动物等)残疾的
abandoned a.(无故障、但被人)遗弃的/丢弃的
8. quiet a.文静的；不爱说话的
calm a.(遇到危机关头)镇定自若的
still a.(身体)保持不动的
9. advice n.(专业人士所提的)建议
suggestion n.(普通的、一般性的)建议
recommendation n.推荐
10. still ad.依然；仍然(表示与以前相比没有变化)
just ad.正是；恰好是(表示与所想或所意料的一致)
11. offer v.提供(给别人，自己不用)
share v.共享(自己和别人共同享用)
12. experience n.(发生过的、对自己有影响的)经历
adventure n.(新奇的、刺激的)冒险般的经历
13. ability/capacity n.能力
power n.权利；(水、电、核等的)能
strength n.力气；长处
energy n.精力
14. offer v.提供
distribute v.分发；分配；散布
15. cover 64,000 miles v.走过...路程
wander v.闲逛；漫游
16. argument n.争执；争论
debate n.(正反两方就某观点)辩论
conversation n.谈话；说话
negotiation n.(双方或多方就某事)协商；谈判
17. content n.(容器、包裹等)里面所装的东西
detail n.(文章、故事、说话等)细节；详情
18. site n.地点；场所
situation n.(人或组织所处的)境况；境地
condition n.(学习、工作、生活等)条件
19. crisis n.(人或组织所处的)危机
danger n.(人身、财产等所面临的)危险
20. move v.搬家；移动；使感动
remove v.消除掉；去掉；搞掉
21. shocked a.(对意外的事、尤其是不好的事)感到震惊的
scared a.感到害怕的
thrilled a.非常激动的；非常高兴的
22. sink into the water 沉入水中
dive into the water 跳入/潜入水中
fall into the water 跌进水中
23. Something happened to me. 某事发生在我身上。
Something occurred to/struck/hit me. 我猛然想起某事。
24. relief n.(担心、不快等之后的)解脱；宽慰；放心
blesing n.幸事；好事
25. remind v.提醒；重提(对方知道的事)
inform v.告知；通知(对方尚不知道的事)
26. name n.名字；姓名
brand n.品牌；产品名
27. assessment n.评估
comment n.评论
instruction n.指导；要求；说明(书)
updte n.最新消息；最近情况
28. yet ad.但是；然而(后面无标点符号，直接跟句子/词语)
however ad.但是；然而(后面须跟逗号；语气更强)
indeed ad.实际上；相反地(后面须跟逗号)
It’s a small car, yet it’s surprisingly expensive.
It’s a small car. However, its’surprisingly expensive.
She didn’t mind at all. Indeed, she was pleased.
29. in person 亲自
by oneself 靠自己；独立地
30. annoy v.使生气；使恼火
discourage v.劝阻；使灰心
31. arrange v.预先准备；预先安排
plan v.详细规划；具体布局
32. surprising a.惊人的；出人意料的
frightening a.吓人的；令人害怕的
33. budget n.预支；支出
allowance n.津贴；零花钱
bonus n.奖金；红利；(没有想到的)好事
34. rather ad.相反地
yet ad.然而；但是
*It’s not cold. Rather, it’s very hot.
*It;s not cold, yet she wears a lot.
35. precious a.(基于价值层面)珍贵的
expensive a.(基于价格层面)价格高的；贵的
36. obvious a.明显的(做表语或定语均可)
transparent a.透明的；清澈的；清楚易懂的；明显的(只做表语)
37. push v.推；按；压
pull v.拉；拉伤
drag v.(使劲而吃力的)拖；拽
lift v.(垂直向上)抬起；升起
38. lecture n.讲座; 讲课
speech n.演讲；演说
discussion n.讨论；探讨
39. tool n.(有形的)工具
way n.(广义的、不具体的)方法
method n.(常用的、惯用的)方法
approach n.(精心、用心的)方法
stratagy n.(为对付耗时、艰难工作而精心布局的)策略
40. ask v.(普通用语)问；提问
question v.质问
enquire/inquire v.打听
41. require v.(客观上)需要；(法律、规章等条文)规定；要求
request v.(正式地或礼貌地)请求；要求；申请
*Tom’ s broken leg will require surgery(手术).
*Most house plants require regular watering.
*The job requires patience and hard work.
*Regulations require that students attend at least 90% of the lectures.
*To request more information， please contact us.
*They requested me not to smoke in the hotel.
*They requested an aid from the government.
语义场是借用物理学中的“场”的概念而来的，是指语义的类聚。语义场强调的是一个词跟其它词在语义上存在着密切的联系，如同个词、同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词、同功用词汇等等。[题例 2017全国I--第1题] While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this _1_ process and found something that has changed my experience at college for the better.[解析]不少学生选C.natural, 译为“我本人就在大学经历了这个自然阶段”，仿佛也行，但结合该题前一句的explore及exploration来理解就不难发现，本题选searching,搜寻、寻求与之更形成逻辑关系。Search与explore属于同义词，故而选A.[结论] 完形填空考核考生有机地联系上下文，能慧眼识别出两个或多个形成语义场的词汇，保持前后文逻辑链条的完整。[题例 2016全国III--第10题] One afternoon, I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller _10_ going over a fence.[解析]令老师大吃一惊的是，不少学生选C。经询问后方知，学生将其误当作“tried (试图或努力)”，进而把整句译为“我看见Miller试图或努力翻过围墙”！[结论] 建议老师、同学们平时把像amaze/amuse, hard/hardly, fall/fell/felt, rise/raise等长得很像的词汇集中做笔记，对照记忆。[题例 2015全国I--第10题] We were low on cash ourselves, but ...well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is _10_ what we need to do![解析]still意为“仍然；依然(表示保持原状)”；just意为“正好是；恰恰是；仅仅”。本来难度不大，可是不少学生选C。一厢情愿地把句子意思整为“我们仍然要从我们的多余物品中给出一些。”[结论] 中文式表达不仅在完形阅读中干扰我们做题，在写作上也害人不浅。学英语一定要养成用英语思维来解读文本、表达思想。[题例 2019江苏--第9题] She refused to live with male cranes , and even had a _10_ for killing some of them, which made it impossible for her to become a mother.[解析]本题考查动词短语搭配介词的情况。其中A项have a gift for,译为“在...方面有天赋”，意思不符合上下文；B项skill的相关短语为have a skill in (doing) sth.介词搭配错误；D项have a reputation for doing sth.(以...而出名)，在含义和介词搭配上均是最佳选项。[题例 2019江苏--第12题] With their patience and efforts, they successfully developed a _12_ of artificial breeding(人工繁殖) and natural reproduction.[解析]选择C项的考生没有兼顾到句子所含的连词and. 其中A项combination译为“两者结合”，贴切文意; 在语用上有短语combine A and/with B.是最佳选项。[题例 2016全国II--第3题] Everything about you came through this device, sometimes from hundreds of miles away. _3_ they feel they can know you just from the sound of your voice.[解析]选择D项(其实/相反地, 后接逗号)，从意义到词用角度均不妥当。Yet 意为“然而；但是”，后面不需要接标点符号。[题例 2016全国II--第20题] Rani’s friendliness -- her warm smile, her nods, her “I’m here for you” _20_ ---were all silent signals that didn’t travel through wires.[解析]D项正确。此处空白处答案被形容词性物主代词her修饰，译为“她的'我在这儿帮你'的态度”。选择A项的同学牵强的把句子译为“我在这儿为你解释”既不符合语法(正确翻译近于I’m here to explain to you.)也不符合语境，前文提到的她的温暖的微笑、点头等都属于对待作者的态度(attitude)，而非解释。[题例 2018浙江--第8题] I was performing this action of waiting until it later became a _8_ . Once that happened, I just keep pushing my studying further and further back in my day.[解析]结合后一句的“我对待学习一推再推”以及把代词that代换成A和C进行比较翻译，我们可以确定选C最为合适。
即利用学生对动词短语/介词短语掌握的模糊缺陷直接或间接出题，导致学生出错。[题例 2018全国I--第1题] During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I _1_ the idea of taking the class because, aftre all, who doesn’t want to save a few dollars.[解析]该题考查动词短语，B项译为“欣然接受”，符合题意。[题例 2016全国III--第16题] Thank you for filling in for _16_.[解析]该题考查代词，乍一看十分简单，但实际上考查短语fill in for（替补；暂时替代）。[结论] 近十年高考完形填空题频繁出现这些中高等难度的常用短语，它们也会在今后高考中重复出现。建议收集汇编，读熟记忆。
[题例1 2016全国III--第14题] But even that challenge he accepted. I helped him move slowly over the fence. When we were finally _14_ on the other side, he said to me, “You know, I didn’t tell you this during the season, but you did fine.”[解析]该题选A的考生还不少，译作“最终在围墙的另一侧落下。首先，drop这个词表示的是无意中掉下去，属于自由落体，而这儿双方都是有意翻围墙的，所以用dropped不符合语境；另，该题前面有单词were与drop也不匹配，因为,drop无被动用法。[题例 2017全国I--第14题] The following term, I registered for an ASL class. The professor was deaf and any talking was prohibited. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have _14_ us to learn less.[解析]该题有不少考生受虚拟语气干扰，答案选择较为分散。[结论] 高考完形填空题对考生语法掌握程度要求很高，考生须过语法关。
[题例 2017全国III--第8题] I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to _8_ a lot of joy.[解析]有些粗心的考生选择了D项，大概译为“我想看到这张票物有所值，给人提供(provide)欢乐。然而，当我们细心观察就会发现选项的逻辑主语是someone, 故而本题逻辑谓语最好搭配“体验(experience)”。█命题套路1 考查对转折连词或表达转折含义的副词或短语的敏感度,如:but/yet/however/while/though/although/asunfortunately/unluckily/actually/in fact[题例 2019全国III--第4题] “We see the sky is blue, but down in the valley it’s darker---it’s like on a _4_ day. ”[解析]该题从意思上看，选C也通顺。但当我们认真分析句子间中的but所表达的逻辑关系时，发现选A.cloudy更合乎逻辑。[题例 2018全国III--第5题] On March 19, Dennis got a group of text informing him that a couple he didn’t know were at hospital. Waiting for the _5_ of a baby.“Congratulations! But I think someone was mistaken,”Dennis responded. The baby was born and ....[解析]该题部分考生因为选项前一句的hospital, 便想当然地认为孩子生病了，故而选择了B项。然而，当我们细心分析文脉流向时，不难发现，这对夫妇在医院是迎接新生命的到来。故而选D.arrival.[结论] 所谓读懂英语文章，指的是能厘清上下文逻辑关系，驾驭文篇的脉络发展、故事情节的发展，从而真正理解作者所要传递的信息。[题例 2019全国II--第18题] Ehlers returned to Minnesota, and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan. “It’s good to know there’s still someone out there who cares enough to go to that kind of trouble,” says Lisa of Ehlers’ rescue _18_ .[解析]结合上文Ehlers returned to Minnesota, and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan.可知，小狗的主人Lisa是对Ehlers及其朋友的拯救付出(rescue effort)给予赞扬。故而选C项。[结论] 完形填空题型主要是要考查考生的逻辑思维能力，其中归纳/演绎能力是衡量考生逻辑思维能力的主要手段之一。█命题套路4 考查考生对文章框架结构或文章层次的把握能力[题例 2019全国I--第17题] The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures. This view is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as climbers go through five ecosystems in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters, giving back to lands of low growing plants.. Further up, the weather changes --low clouds envelop the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I count twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4,000 meters is the highland _18_ : gravel(砾石), stones and rocks..Finally, you climb into an arctic-like zone with permanent snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.[解析]结合上文提到自山下到山上经历5个生态系统，其中海拔越高，植被越少，直到最后上到山顶类似极地气候条件下的永久性积雪，可知选B项最佳。[结论] 能选入完形填空的文章基本都是短小精悍，文脉清晰、层次分明的。考生要能跟上作者的框架思路，在不同的语境下做出相应地选择。
批判性思维体现在英语阅读上，指读者对文本信息的主观认知与作者通过文本这样的一个客观载体所释放的客观信息之间存在的差别。差别越大说明该读者个体越是脱离了文本客观，其批判性思维能力就越弱；反之，若读者个体的主观理解越靠近文本所要传达的意思，则说明该读者的批判性思维能力越强。█命题套路1 考查信息差（含时间差、地点差、程度差、人物差、范围差、主客观差等等）A. 时间差 指某个选项信息所包含的动作或感受的时间点与该选项的小语境的时间点不符合。[题例 2017全国III--第6题] The ticket had a strict no-transfer policy, but since passport information was not required when _6_ , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can use it.[解析]分析比较选项B与C，一个是护照预订，一个是检查护照，分别属于两个不同时空发生的动作。结合文章实际情况，不难判断，本文在讨论飞机票的转让赠送，还没有到使用到该票的时候，因此可知选B项最佳。B. 数量差 指考生在阅读完形填空题文章时，因厘清故事情节中人或物的数量。如文章一共提到几个人，分别做了什么事[题例 2016全国I--第4题] Larry works with Transport Drivers, Inc. One morning in 2009, Larry was traveling along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers. Suddenly, he saw a car with its bright lights on. As he got closer. He found _4_ vehicle upside down on the road. One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the disabled vehicle. Larry pulled over, set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher（灭火器）. Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out.The man who had his bright lights on came over and told Larry he had made an emergency call.[解析]前后两段文字共涉及3辆汽车。如果考生搞不清几辆或分别是谁的汽车，则本小题十分难选。C. 程度差 指四个选项中至少有两项的单词所体现的事态存在或发展的程度不一样。那么，只有那个精准体现语境中恰当程度的选项才是最佳答案。[题例 2015全国II--第13题] Through the first two games, her team did not get one serious shot on goal. As a parent, I hated seeing my daughter playing her best, but still defeated.It seemed that something clicked with the girls between Saturday and Sunday. When they showed up for their Sunday game, they were _13_ different. ...They played aggressively and even scored a goal[解析]选项A和D都表示作者女儿所在的足球队的进步程度，但差异很大。结合上文“颗粒无收”，到周末“配合默契”，到周日下午极具“侵略性”乃至“打进一球”，可知球队表现完全不同以往(completely different), 从而锁定正确答案D.D. 范围差 指四个选项中至少有两项的单词所体现的事态存在或发展的范围不一样。那么，只有那个精准体现语境中恰当范围的选项才是最佳答案。[题例 2017浙江--第12题] Secretly, she bought books home every night, filling her car late after work. Her friends came to help when the war broke out. Anis who owned a restaurant agreed to hide some books. All through the _12_ , Alia ,Anis, his brothers and neighbours tookthe books from the library,...[解析]选项A表示Alia整个战争期间(时间跨度大)都在转移书；选B表示只在晚上(时间跨度小)行动，结合上文Alia转移书的时间以及整个战争期间都转移不太现实，因而选定晚上，锁定B项为最佳答案。[结论] 命题专家通过设置读者--作者之间的“信息差”来衡量读者到底有没有读懂故事，读懂多少。指读者受文本某些词汇的干扰，选出并不符合故事情节发展实际的选项。[题例 2015全国I--第7题] In the store, I asked each of my kids to pick something they thought our “friend” there would appreciate. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year old suggested giving him a _7_ . I thought about it. We were low on cash ourselves, but...well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance isjust what we need to do !When we handed him the bag of food, he lit up with watery eyes.When I handed him the gift card, he burst into tears.[解析]考生结合选项前文的apples,a sandwich, 以及后文的food, 很容易望文生义地选择C项。但该题后文也提及“我们自己也缺钱”，加之后文出现the gift card., 促使我们最终丢弃C项，选定D项为最佳答案。指读者在处理文本时，极容易受惯性思维影响而选了一个并不符合文本原意的选项。[题例 2015全国II--第19题] It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle._19 _ is the best teacher.[解析]考生出于惯性思维容易选择D, 译为谚语“兴趣是最好的老师”。然而，从文章开头及结尾，读者不难归纳出，本文主旨大意是经历是最好的学习；全文没有提及兴趣(interest)。故而最佳答案为C项。（类似例子为2018全国III第8题，In her opinion/excitement, 根据上下文语境，答案是In her excitement(出于激动/处于激动状态)。
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