摄入腌制肉类与哮喘症状恶化相关

  腌制肉类已经被确定为癌症,全因死亡率和几种慢性疾病(包括慢性阻塞性肺病)的风险因素。由于腌制肉类的高亚硝酸盐含量,可能导致亚硝化应激相关的气道炎症,哮喘中涉及的几种生理过程之一,因此可以合理地假定腌制肉类摄入是哮喘的独立危险因素。由于肥胖是哮喘发病和恶化的可能风险因素,而饮食影响体重指数(BMI),因此BMI似乎是饮食和哮喘之间的因果途径。

  2016年12月20日,《英国医学杂志》旗下《胸》在线发表法国国家健康医学研究院、凡尔赛大学、巴黎第十一大学、格勒诺贝尔阿尔卑斯大学、国际癌症研究机构、西班牙国家癌症研究中心、环境流行病学研究中心、庞培法布拉大学、生物医学研究网络中心、墨西哥国家公共卫生研究所、美国哈佛大学医学院、麻省总医院(马萨诸塞综合医院)的研究报告,发现成人哮喘症状随着大量腌制肉类摄入而恶化,仅受BMI增加的轻微影响。

  该研究分析了法国前瞻研究(EGEA)971位参与者(平均年龄43岁,男性占49%,哮喘患者占42%)。48%的参与者每周腌制肉类摄入量1~3.9份,19%的参与者每周<1份,33%的参与者每周≥4份。35%的参与者超重,9%的参与者肥胖;51%的参与者从未吸烟。

  平均7年随访后,20%的参与者报告哮喘症状恶化(根据五个症状定义:呼吸困难、喘息、胸闷、休息时呼吸短促、运动后的呼吸短促和从呼吸急促中醒来)。大多数(53%)的症状无改变,27%的症状改善。每周腌制肉类≥4份、1~3.9份、<1份的患者,分别有22%、20%、14%的症状恶化。

  根据边缘结构模型分析流行病学因果关系,排除年龄、性别、吸烟史、教育水平、身体活动等影响因素后,腌制肉类摄入量与哮喘症状恶化存在正性直接影响(每周腌制肉类摄入≥4份与<1餐/周的多变量比值比:1.76,95%置信区间:1.01~3.06)。BMI对腌制肉类所致哮喘症状的间接影响(比值比:1.07,95%置信区间:1.01~1.14)占总影响的14%。

  吃较多腌制肉类者大多为男性、较年轻、吸烟、摄入较多热量、BMI较高、摄入较多钠和饱和脂肪、患有哮喘。排除BMI和其他混杂因素后,未见腌制肉类对哮喘发病率有任何影响。

  因此,摄入较多腌制肉类与哮喘症状恶化相关,并且主要通过直接影响,较小程度通过体重指数间接影响,该研究延伸了饮食对成人哮喘的影响。

  除了腌制肉类硝酸盐高水平可能损害肺的可能性,腌制肉类使哮喘恶化可能存在另外两种机制:一个是既往确定的腌制肉类摄入与C-反应蛋白之间的相关性引起全身炎症增加,另一个是仅有极少儿童哮喘证据支持的高盐和饱和脂肪摄入可能影响哮喘症状。

Thorax. 2016 Dec 20. [Epub ahead of print]

Cured meat intake is associated with worsening asthma symptoms.

Li Z, Rava M, Bédard A, Dumas O, Garcia-Aymerich J, Leynaert B, Pison C, Le Moual N, Romieu I, Siroux V, Camargo CA Jr, Nadif R, Varraso R.

INSERM, Villejuif, France; Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny le Bretonneux, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; INSERM, Paris, France; CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France; INSERM, Grenoble, France; Université Alpes, Grenoble, France; Instituto Nacional De Salud Publica, Mexico; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; IAB, Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CHU de Grenoble, IAB, Grenoble, France; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

BACKGROUND: Cured meat intake-a recent carcinogenic factor-may increase the risk of COPD, but its association with asthma remains unknown. Though body mass index (BMI) is a likely risk factor for asthma, its role in the diet-asthma association as a mediator has never been studied. We investigated the association between cured meat intake and worsening asthma symptoms in adults, and the role of BMI as a potential mediator.

METHODS: Using data from the French prospective EGEA study (baseline: 2003-2007; follow-up: 2011-2013), we applied a mediation analysis in the counterfactual framework, a marginal structural model (MSM), to estimate the direct effect of baseline cured meat intake (<1, 1-3.9, ≥4 servings/week) on change in asthma symptom score (worsening or not), and the indirect effect mediated by BMI.

RESULTS: Among the 971 participants (mean age 43 years; 49% men; 42% with asthma), 20% reported worsening asthma symptoms during the mean follow-up time of 7 years. Using the MSM, we reported a positive direct effect of cured meat intake on worsening asthma symptoms (multivariable OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.06 for ≥4 vs <1 serving/week). We also reported an indirect effect mediated by BMI (OR=1.07; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14), accounting for 14% of the total effect.

CONCLUSIONS: Higher cured meat intake was associated with worsening asthma symptoms over time, through a direct effect and to a lesser extent an effect mediated by BMI. This research extends the effect of diet on asthma in adults.

KEYWORDS: Asthma; Asthma Epidemiology

PMID: 27999171

PII: thoraxjnl-2016-208375

DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208375

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