高中英语必备语法——倒装
有学生在后台问到装这种语法现象。今天给大家整理下倒装这种语法现象。
英语的语序有两种。
1、英语句子的语序通常是主语在前,谓语在后,这种语序称作正常语序或自然语序。
2、倒装语序，有时出于语法或为达到某种修辞目的(强调、承上启下、平衡等)的需要,要把谓语动词放在主语前面,这种语序称作倒装( Inversion)语序。
倒装分为以下两种：
A.完全倒装
将谓语动词完全移至主语之前,是完全倒装( Full Inversion)
Our teacher came in.( Our teacher是主语,came是谓语,in是状语;主语在前,谓语在后,是正常语序)
In came our teacher.(整个谓语came放到了主语 our teacher的前面,因此是完全倒装
B.部分倒装
如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,称为部分倒装
I will never forgive her.(I是主语, will forgive是谓语,her是宾语, never是状语。)
Never will I forgive her.(谓语部分will forgive中will放到了主语I的前面,而 forgive还在主语后面,因此是部分倒装。部分倒装的构成同一般疑问句的构成方法相似,)再如
Only by working hard can you succeed.(部分倒装)
Not a word did he say that day.(部分倒装)
其中，一般疑问句也可以看作是一种倒装。在there be句型中,be后的名词是句子的实义主语,be是句子的谓语,可以看作谓语动词放在主语的前面,因此,有语法家把 there be句型也看作倒装句。
第一部分 完全倒装
口诀：时间地点在前方，名倒代不倒
1、在以here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副词开头时
A.谓语动词为be, come, go, run, walk, rush, fall, follow, begin, end等,主语又是名词,主谓要用完全倒装
There goes the bell.
Away walked the stranger.
Here comes the bus.
Now comes your turn.
Out ran two little boys.
Then followed a shot of gun.
注意：不用进行时
B.当主语是代词时,则不能把谓语动词放在主语前面
Look! Here they come.
Away they went.
Back they fought.
Here he comes.
Up it flew.
2、当句首为表示地点的介词短语,而句子的主语又为名词时
那么句子的主语和谓语完全倒装
Outside the classroom stood an old man .
On the wall hangs a large map of China.
East of the town lies a beautiful lake.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.
但主语是代词时,则不能把谓语动词放在主语前面
In the armchair she sat.
特殊的（考的概率极低）：
进行时和被动语态用倒装时的情况
A foreigner was sitting at the table.
à Sitting at the table was a foreigner.
A student was killed on the road.
à Killed on the road was a student.
第二部分 不完全倒装（口诀：NOS）
部分倒装实际是一般疑问句语序
部分倒装( Partial inversion)(又称半倒装):指将谓语的一部分放在主语前面。实际上,这种部分倒装的构成同一般疑问句构成相似。如
①You can achieve the goal only in this way.
Only in this way can you achieve the goal.
② I have never seen him before.
Never have I seen him before.
③He knows little about me.
Little does he know about me
注意：复合句的从句用陈述语序而不用疑问语序,因此半倒装在复合句中用在主句中而不是从句中。
1. When he will arrive is not known yet.
2. My question is how I can get there quickly.
3.Where do you think he lives?
三句话中的画横线部分为从句
部分倒装的常见三种形式（NOS系列）：
形式一：N系列，当以表示否定、半否定的词或词组开头时
当never, never before, not, no, little, seldom, nowhere, hardly /scarcely.. when, no sooner. than, not only. but also, not until, by no means , in no case, in no way, in no time, no longer等表示否定或半否定意义的副词、介词短语、连词等放在句首时,用部分倒装
1⃣️ The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was the teachers' energy saved, but students became more interested in the lessons.(2009年全国卷单选)
注意：not only...but laso 句型中，not only紧跟部分用倒装，but also后部分用陈述语序
2⃣️Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（1995年全国卷单选）
注意：not until后为从句，从句部分不用倒装，主句部分用倒装。
形式二，O系列，“only 状语”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
注意：Only修饰主语时, 句子不需要倒装
Only he knows the truth.
形式三，S系列，以so, neither; nor开头的句子或分句中
A.当上下文说的是同一人或同一事,后面是对前面所说的
情况加以肯定,此时,后面主谓结构不倒装
—Your father smoked a lot
—So he did
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
B.前后两个分句所叙述对象不同时,后面分句用倒装语序;肯定句用 so do we,否定句用 neither/nor do we
I can speak English, （and） so can you.
I have never heard of such a thing, neither has she.
Tom didn't finish his homework. nor did Jane.