心理疾病与胃肠道:(四)双相障碍和躁狂症与肠道微生物
最新的科研证据显示,心理疾病的根源可能在于肠道微生物,多数心理疾病可能本质上是胃肠道疾病,针对肠道微生物来治疗心理疾病,可能是未来精神病学发展的有力方向[1-4]。而能够改善情绪和认知,给精神疾病患者带来益处的好细菌,也被称之为益心菌(psychobiotics)[5-7]。下面将简单介绍双相障碍和躁狂症与肠道微生物的关系。
4.1双相障碍与肠道微生物
双相障碍,也称双相抑郁障碍,最早被称为躁狂抑郁症,是一种以情感的异常高涨和低落为特征的精神障碍性疾病,其病因尚不明确,兼有躁狂状态和抑郁状态两种主要表现,可在同一病人间歇交替反复发作,也可以一种状态为主反复发作。双相障碍患病率约为6%,患者初次寻求治疗时常因为抑郁症状而忽略躁狂症状,可能被误诊为单相抑郁,往往数年之后才会确诊[8]。
双相障碍在青年女性中高发,原因与环境或情绪状态变化幅度较大,暴饮暴食等有一定关系。在本研究室收集观察和研究到病例当中,由于离开家庭,走上社会和出国留学等情况居多。由于大幅度的饮食习惯变化,生活环境变化,异国文化氛围的变化,以及学习压力和家庭不切适的干预等等都可能是诱因。
双相障碍与菌-肠-脑轴异常密切相关,针对肠道微生物,调节菌-肠-脑轴功能可能是治疗双相障碍的好方法[9, 10]。
1. 双相障碍患者的肠道微生物明显不同于对照健康人群[10-12]。患者菌群多样性性降低[13],菌群组成与疾病严重程度相关[11]。
2. 除了心理精神症状,患者还可能出现肠漏、免疫异常等与菌群紊乱密切相关的胃肠道症状[9,14, 15]。
3. 抗生素破坏菌群会增加双相障碍风险[15]。
4. 补充益生菌,调节肠道微生物,对患者具有改善作用[12,15]。
4.2躁狂症与肠道微生物
躁狂症是指一种在一段明确的时间内有异常而持续的心境高涨、夸大或易激惹为特征的精神疾病,躁狂也是双相障碍的一种发作形式。
虽然躁狂症与肠道微生物的研究不多,但已有的研究提示,肠道微生物异常在躁狂发生中发挥了不容忽视的作用,在躁狂症治疗中考虑肠道微生物调整可能会取得更好效果[16-18]。金锋实验室动物实验表明,使用抗生素的动物肠道里往往产生含量较高的硫化氢和氨,这些气体神经递质对于动物的躁狂易激有着不可忽视的作用。
1. 抗生素破坏菌群可能会引起躁狂症状[19]。
2. 活性炭吸附药物保护菌群可减轻躁狂症状[17, 20]。
3. 肠道微生物组成影响躁狂症等心理疾病药物治疗的效果[21]。
图片来自网络。
敬请期待下期:心理疾病与胃肠道:(五)自闭症与肠道微生物
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