9-芴基甲氧基羰基保护基(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, Fmoc)
概要
9-芴基甲氧基羰基保护基(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, Fmoc)、它经常用于通过氨基甲酸酯形成来保护胺基。
该保护基对酸性条件・氧化条件比较稳定、但是在温和的碱性条件下会发生脱保护。另外在接触还原条件下也容易被脱保护。因此,该保护基与Boc,Cbz保护基具有相辅相成的作用。
在许多应用中,它最常用于肽固相合成方法中。由于它具有特征吸收波长(301nm),因此可以用HPLC进行反应追踪。
开发史
1970年代初由Louis A. Carpino开发
反应机理
保护
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作为反应试剂Fmoc-Cl是最常用的。保护反应也就是典型的酰氯+碱条件下的反应。对于氨基酸的保护等,使用无机碱的Schotten-Baumann条件也很常见。
脱保护
9位的proton酸性比较高,在温和的碱性条件下发生E1cB离去。由于作为副产物的二苯并富烯(DBF)可以再次充当亲电试剂并引起副反应,因此经常需要选择使用能够捕获它的碱。
由于这些原因,通常使用仲胺如哌啶作为脱保护的碱。溶媒はDMFが良く用いられる。3級アミンではほとんど切断されない。
Fmoc-Val-OH在DMF中进行脱保护的时候,使用不同的胺的脱保护反应速度如下图所示
cited by “Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 4th ed.
近年来,已经研究了用DBU和哌嗪代替哌啶的方法(RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 104417)。
反应实例
Calicheamicin γ1I全合成[1]:在多步骤中Fmoc体现出了两个的稳定性。