1、查看时态是否一致。My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our football team. 全文都是用的一般现在时,此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符,应改为am。2、查看主谓是否一致。Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. cost应改为costs,因其主语是it(为形式主语),且上下文均为一般现在时。3、查指代是否一致。The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.句中的主语the Smiths表的是Smith一家人,因此指示代词his应改为their。4、查平行结构是否平行一致。由and, or, but, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构。It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. 句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不平行,应改为drive。5、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致。We study quite a few subject, such as Maths, Chinese... quite a few 只能修饰复数名词,故subject应改为subjects。6、查行文逻辑是否一致。Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill.根据行文逻辑,这里不应该由since来引导原因状语从句,而应该是when / whenever或if来引导时间或条件状语从句。
分析篇章结构,把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键。分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。语篇与段落是有区别的,语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式,段落是在某些语体(如记叙文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子,一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句际间意义的结合,二是靠句际间的关联词,逻辑性插入语来连接,在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次,好文章的层次非常清晰,只有层层入手,才能真正理解文章。如下以 2009 年高考英语辽宁卷为样题进行分析: 第二节(共 5 小题:每小题 2 分, 满分 10 分) 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways 71 Second,your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73The following methods may work best for you.●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.● Write your notes in your own words.● 74● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understandyour symbols and that you use them all the time.75A. Use words, not complete sentences.B. There are three practical note-taking methods.C. You must write your notes on separate paper.D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.答案:GEFAD分析:这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次,每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位,各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题,形成了文章的线性结构。第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧,第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记,都要有选择性的做记录,第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法,第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号,这就形成了文章的层次结构,这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。
三、解题思路
1、理清句际间的关系文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成,各个层次,各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致,但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的,各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上来看,语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此,理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉,理清句际间的关系,进而理解语段或全文的内容。2、找出句子之间的连接性的词语文章的语句间的组合,除了从语句间的意义关系分析外,还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握,因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有:承接关系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)平列关系(如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等)。如文中的选项 71,由 Second、Third 得知应选表示平列关系的句子 G.项。转折关系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。比如选项 75,与前句构成了转折关系,故应选 D 项答案。层递关系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等)。如 72 选项,与前句组合为层递关系,故应选包含 also 的 E.项句子。解释关系,如 73 选项应选 F.选项,与 74 选项平等的,是一组祈示句,而非陈述句,故应选 A.项而非 B项。
1、阅读量逐年提高,阅读时间减少。《高考考纲》要求完形填空题篇幅为一段约200-250单词的文章,不过自1998年起高考完形填空在词数上(1998年294词)都超过260个单词;2002年高考完形填空题词数为274词,答题时间由原来的18分钟减少为15分钟,这在阅读难度及速度上都对考生提出了更高的要求。2、生词量有增无减。2000年以前的高考完形填空题中除人名、地名和部分注释词外,基本上没有生词;但从 2001年开始出现大量不含汉语注释的生词,如在2001年高考完形中出现的生词:link, Mount Everest, Abominable Snowman, occasion, adventure, footprint, prehistory, track等词;在2002年高考完形中的生词更是令考生料想不到的,不到300词的文章中竟多达10个生词,如:intelligence, auto-repair, counter, hammer(用锤子敲打),goddamned, uneasy, try...on sb.(愚弄,戏耍某人),creature等词或词组。这些生词的出现影响了阅读的速度,使学生出现理解偏差或理解困难,从而降低了答题正确率。3、长句增多,句式灵活,结构复杂。 近几年高考完形材料在句子上突出了对行文逻辑及理解能力方面的考查,在选材上主要表现为长句、复合句增多、句子结构复杂(定语从句、状语从句、插入语等)、句式丰富多样(陈述句、祈使句、省略句、疑问句、感叹句等),极大地增加了阅读难度,限制了学生的理解程度。如:The native people said they 38 this creature and called it the'Yeti',and they said that they had 39 caught Yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever been produced as evidence. (NMET2001)I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. (NMET2002)这就要求考生要善于剖析句子结构,捕捉隐含信息,否则难以正确理解文章内容,进而影响答题正确率。4、题目设置上单纯语法考查减少,上下文联系考查力度加大,并且以同义词、相似词为典型的迷惑选项增多。近几年《考纲》明确要求加强对考生应用能力的考查,在应用中测试考生运用英语基础知识的能力,这一点在近几年高考完形填空中得到了淋漓尽致的体现。具体体现在文章在题目设置上相似项增多,迷惑选项较强,考生必须通过寻找上下文隐含信息,感受语境,采用直接和排除等技巧才能找出符合题意的最佳选项。5、完形填空的第一句都是完整的句子,并且每篇文章都有一个主题。 如果学生能在考试中把握到高考完形填空的这一特点,就能够对文章有初步的了解,树立全局意识,并且对于梳理上下文脉络,抓住文章的主旨也大有裨益。