TE||Inside Warren Buffett’s deal machine
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导读
巴菲特和查理.芒格的传奇友谊
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Inside Warren Buffett’s deal machine
沃伦.巴菲特的赚钱机器大透视
本文英文部分选自经济学人Business版块
Schumpeter
熊彼特专栏
Berkshire Hathaway has evolved into an acquisition engine. The returns look pedestrian
伯克希尔哈撒韦公司俨然已经发展为一个收购引擎,但是收益却平凡无奇。
SOME things about Warren Buffett never change, including his non-stop jokes, famous annual letter and his reputation as the world’s best investor. What is less understood is that over the past decade Mr Buffett’s company, Berkshire Hathaway, has sharply altered its strategy. For its first 40 years Berkshire mainly invested in shares and ran insurance businesses, but since 2007 it has shifted to acquiring a succession of large industrial companies.
关于沃伦·巴菲特,有些事情永远不会改变,包括他的幽默风趣(笑话信手沾来)、著名的年度致股东信以及全球最佳投资者的声誉(俗称股神)。但人们不太了解的是,在过去10年里,巴菲特旗下的伯克希尔哈撒韦公司的策略已经发生了巨大改变。在最初的40年里,伯克希尔公司主要投资股票以及运营保险业务,但自2007年以来,它已经将重心转到收购一系列大型工业企业上。
巴菲特讲的笑话 来源:知乎 作者:张亮 链接:
https://www.zhihu.com/question/21364089/answer/18004972
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。
——巴菲特有警世名言曰:“在别人贪婪时恐惧,在别人恐惧时贪婪”。你见过这个学者样的老者贪婪吗?1974年底,美国资本市场下滑25%,他对记者说,此时的自己就像“性欲过剩的人到了后宫里”。
——2006年,巴菲特说,为了保持高回报率,自己得改变找项目的方法。对此他做了个比喻:一个老年人在零售店里发现老婆丢了,恰好遇到一个年轻人也在找自己的另一半,老人问:你妻子长什么样?年轻人答:“她可真是个金发美人啊,身材火爆的能让大主教从教堂的窗户里跳出去,而且她今天穿着白色小短裙。你太太呢?”老人回复说:“别管她了,咱们一起找你老婆吧。”
——他的投资,主要基于他所掌控的庞大的保险业务创造的海量现金。2007年《致股东书》中,他坦言保险业的成就是他始料未及的。为描绘这种惊喜感,他引了当年总统候选人米特·罗姆尼的真实笑话:“罗姆尼问他太太安: ‘当我们年轻时,即使你最狂野的梦里也想不到我可能当总统吧?’她回答说:‘亲爱的,我最狂野的梦里没有你。’1967年进入财险业务时,我最狂野的梦里也猜不到现在的状况。”
——还是2007年,为表明支持共和党立场,他在公开场合说:“一位疲惫的华尔街投资银行家回到家里对妻子说:‘市场差的让人喘不过气,每天都紧张死。我们得过苦日子了,亲爱的,要是你学会了做饭,我们就把家里的厨子给炒了。’他妻子说:‘要是你会做爱,那我就把家里的花匠炒了。’”他其实想炒的只是小布什。
——他一向反对年轻人别堆砌华丽的简历,而该早点做自己喜欢的工作。为什么?“现在你要找一个你不喜欢的工作,你不觉得这就好像把你的性生活省下来到晚年的时候再用吗?”
In some ways it is hard to criticise Berkshire. Its shares have kept up with the stockmarket and its standing is exalted. It is the world’s seventh-most-valuable publicly traded firm (the other six are tech concerns). But Mr Buffett’s behemoth is a puzzle. Its recent deals have had drab results, suggesting a pivot to mediocrity.
就某些方面而言,我们很难对伯克希尔公司吹毛求疵。它的股票业绩与整个股票市场保持一致,其地位也得到了提升。它是世界上第七大最有价值的上市公司(另外六家都是科技公司)。但巴菲特的帝国始终是一个谜团。其最近的交易结果平淡,表明其处在转向平庸的转折点。
全球市值最高的10家公司:苹果(Apple),Alphabet(Google母公司),微软(Microsoft),Facebook(脸书),亚马逊(Amazon),腾讯(Tencent),伯克希尔·哈撒韦(BerkshireHathaway),阿里巴巴(Alibaba),强生(Johnson&Johnson),埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil)
It has been quite a spree. Since 2007 Berkshire has spent $106bn on 158 firms. The share of its capital sunk into industry has risen from a third to over half. The largest deals include BNSF, a North American railway, Precision Castparts (PC), a manufacturer, various utilities, and Lubrizol, a chemicals business. Further transactions are likely. Berkshire has roughly $100bn of spare cash. In his latest letter, published on February 24th, Mr Buffett complains about high valuations but says there is a possibility of “very large purchases”. Berkshire thinks of itself as a friendly buyer to which families and entrepreneurs are happy to pass on their crown jewels. There is something comforting about its mission to be a home for old-school businesses run by all-American heroes.
这真是一场狂欢。自2007以来,伯克希尔在158家公司上投资了1060亿美元。其中流入到工业的资本份额从三分之一上升到了一半以上。最大的交易包括伯灵顿圣菲铁路运输公司(BNSF),精密机件制造商(PC),各种公用事业公司,以及路博润化工公司(Lubrizol)。与此同时,可能还有更进一步的交易。目前伯克希尔大约有1000亿美元的闲置资金。巴菲特在2月24日发表的最新的股东信中对美股市场的高估值表示不满,但表示有可能进行“大规模收购”。伯克希尔自认为是一个友好的买家,大家都乐于把自己的企业交给他。作为一个为所有美国英雄经营的老式企业的家园,它的使命的确令人欣慰。
Yet it is not an obvious formula for superior performance. Berkshire must pay takeover premiums and has $64bn of goodwill. It enjoys no synergies of the sort corporate buyers claim and unlike private-equity firms does not overhaul management at its targets. There is no clear reason why being owned by Berkshire improves performance. Mr Buffett has largely missed the past decade’s tech boom, the big force behind the stockmarket.
然而,通过这一方法来达成优秀业绩,其效果并不明显。伯克希尔必须支付收购溢价,目前公司的商誉是640亿美元。它没有像公司买家所声称的那样具有协同效应,而且与私募公司不同的是,它没有对收购目标管理层大动干戈。但没有明确的理由能够证明只要被伯克希尔公司收购就能改善业绩。过去十年,科技繁荣成为美股上涨的重要动力,而在很大程度上,巴菲特已经错过了(巴菲特没有看准这一波)。
1.Goodwill:商誉 什么是商誉,参考知乎(强烈推荐阅读)
https://www.zhihu.com/question/21692767
2.Synergies:协同效应,简单地说,就是"1+1>2"的效应。
3.这里小编认为应该是和著名的巴西私募3G资本做对比,3G资本收购经典案例有百威啤酒、亨氏食品、卡夫食品、汉堡王等,收购后3G资本往往进行大幅裁员,并介入公司管理,派出自己的人才,同时输出自己的文化,通过成本的削减、效率的提升释放公司的内在价值。他们寻找的公司多是遭遇短期经营问题的优质品牌企业,这正符合价值投资的真谛。此处推荐阅读《3G资本帝国》
Can Berkshire turn water into wine? Schumpeter has attempted to answer this by crunching the numbers, using a certain amount of guesswork. There are two ways to capture how Berkshire creates value, both of which Mr Buffett has in the past endorsed. One is measuring Berkshire’s own book value and how this increases. The other is to examine its “look through” profits, which are made up of the earnings of its wholly-owned businesses as well as its share of the earnings from the firms in which it owns small stakes. Over the past five years its book value has grown by a compound annual rate of 11%. Berkshire’s look through return on equity (ROE) has usually been 8-9% (all further figures exclude the impact of a $29bn one-off gain booked in 2017 relating to America’s law slashing corporate tax).
伯克希尔公司可以把水变成酒吗(有魔法吗)?熊彼特专栏试图用一些猜测统计数字回答这个问题。伯克希尔公司创造价值的方式有两种,而且巴菲特也曾赞同这两种方式。一个方式是衡量伯克希尔的账面价值以及增长方式。另一个方式是审查其透明盈余,这是由其全资子公司拥有的企业收益以及其拥有少量股份的公司相应比例收益之和构成的。在过去五年中,伯克希尔公司账面价值年复合增长率为11%,其股本回报率通常为8%-9%(所有数据均不包括2017年美国法律大幅削减公司税获得的290亿美元的一次性收益)。
Those results are worthy of Mr Buffett, but the next step is to split Berkshire into two areas and examine the larger part—its acquired industrial businesses, spanning its railway, energy, utility, manufacturing, services and retail units. These have a total book equity of $191bn, most of which was built up in the past decade. By this measure Berkshire is the second-largest industrial concern in America. The industrial arm’s operating performance is bog standard and, once you include the goodwill, its ROE is a weak 6%, down from 9% in 2007 before Berkshire shifted course (these sums exclude the amortisation of intangible assets, which is in accordance with how Mr Buffett assesses profits).
这些结果对巴菲特而言,可谓是名副其实。但他下一步是将伯克希尔拆分成两个领域,并考察其较大部分,即他们收购的工业业务,其业务涉及铁路、能源、公用事业、制造业、服务业以及零售业。这些总账面净值达到了1910亿美元,其中大部分是在过去十年中获得的。通过这些收购,伯克希尔成为了美国第二大工业企业。该工业部门的经营表现极其普通,一旦包含商誉,其净资产收益率将低于6%,不及此前2007年的9%(这些金额不包括无形资产的摊销,这与巴菲特对利润的评估是一致的)。
1.为什么巴菲特要将伯克希尔·哈撒韦从投资公司转向工业集团模式?
https://www.zhihu.com/question/34424558
2.巴菲特的伯克希尔是怎么赚钱的?
https://finance.qq.com/a/20170610/028066.htm
The industrial businesses’ lacklustre record mean they account for about 60% of Berkshire’s sunk capital but have generated only about half of its look through profits, and 40% of its growth in book value over the past five years. For the five big industrial companies where figures are consistently available, total profits have risen by 4% a year since 2012, which is no better than a basket of similar peers. Profits at BNSF, for example, have risen only just above inflation and in line with other railways. Speaking to CNBC on February 26th, Mr Buffett suggested that a sixth business, PC, had not met its own internal targets.
工业企业的低迷记录表明它们约占伯克希尔公司沉没资本的60%,但是在过去5年他们产生的收益只有透明盈余的一半,且账面价值只增长了40%。从目前随时可以查到的数据来看,2012年以来,伯克希尔旗下的五家大型工业企业总利润每年只增长4%,并不比许多类似同行企业强。比如BNSF铁路公司,和其他铁路公司一样,利润只比通货膨胀高一点。2月26日巴菲特在接受消费者新闻与商业频道(CNBC)采访时说道,第六家企业精密机件公司(PC)并没有达到它的内部目标。
Since Berkshire cranks out an annual return of about 8-11% a year overall, the other area of its business, its financial operations, must have done much better. These include insurance underwriting, leasing, stock-picking, gains on derivatives and lucrative one-off transactions struck by Mr Buffett, for example when he bought bonds issued by Goldman Sachs and General Electric during the financial crisis. Overall, Berkshire’s financial arm has a solid average ROE of 11%, achieved with low leverage.
由于伯克希尔公司的年回报率约为8-11%,它在其他业务领域,比如金融部门,必然要做的更好。它的金融领域包括了保险销售,租赁,选股,衍生品收益以及由巴菲特操作的利润丰厚的一次性交易。比如,巴菲特在金融危机时买进了高盛公司和通用电气发行的债券。 总体来说,哈撒韦公司的金融部门的年平均股本回报率达到了11%,且杠杆率较低。
Why, then, is Berkshire making large industrial acquisitions? There is a chance that profits will grow faster in future, pushing up the low ROE of the acquired businesses, yet most of them are mature. Or Berkshire may hope that selected acquisitions, when valued in line with their listed peers, will show a big rise in their value since being bought, which accounting profits do not capture. BNSF, which Berkshire bought in the depths of the crisis in 2009, has yielded an annual return of about 15% if measured in this way. However the other deals are unlikely to look nearly as good: two thirds of them (by value) took place after the end of 2011, once markets had bounced back from the crash.
那么为什么伯克希尔公司要进行大规模的行业并购?如果能够推高收购对象的低股本回报率,伯克希尔公司未来利润增长会更快,但是大部分收购对象都已经成熟(利润增长空间有限)。或许伯克希尔公司希望,当收购对象估值与其他上市同类企业一致时,收购对象未来具有巨大的增值空间,而这些是会计利润无法体现出来的。2009年危机最严重的时候伯克希尔公司收购了BNSF,如果按这个方法计算,BNSF的年回报率已经达到了15%。但其它的交易情况看上去并不理想:这些交易中的三分之二都发生于2011年年底,当时市场已经从底部充分反弹。
Crossroads in Omaha
奥马哈十字街口
Berkshire has three possible paths forward. One is that Mr Buffett and his partner, Charles Munger, return cash to shareholders and accept that Berkshire must be less ambitious. The two men do not seem ready for this. A second is that they do more big takeovers now, with stockmarkets high. That would likely depress Berkshire’s returns for years and make it more reliant on fireworks from its financial arm. The third path is that Mr Buffett and Mr Munger sit and wait, hoping for a stockmarket crash, when Berkshire’s war chest will let it pick up bargains that make better returns than its recent acquisitions have done. Twenty years ago this strategy would have been uncontroversial, but the two men are aged, respectively, 87 and 94. Berkshire is enough of a conundrum to perplex even the world’s greatest value investor.
接下来伯克希尔公司有三个选择。其一是巴菲特和他的合作伙伴查理芒格,将现金返还给股东,并接受公司必须低调些的事实。目前来说,两位似乎都还没准备这样做。第二个选择是他们现在在市场高点展开更多大型收购,这样做可能会降低伯克希尔公司很多年的回报率,并更加依赖于财务部门的运作。第三个选择是巴菲特先生和芒格先生坐等证券市场崩盘,伯克希尔公司将使用“战争基金”进行低价收购,并获取比近期并购更高的回报。如果是在20年前,这样的策略毫无争议,然而,这两位大佬分别是87岁(巴菲特)和94岁( 芒格)的高龄。即使是世界上最有价值的投资人,伯克希尔公司也是一个令人困扰的难题。
翻译组:
Ellen, 女, 行政,经济学人爱好者
Ema, 女,外贸民工,经济学人爱好者
Grace,女,建筑民工,经济学人爱好者
Button,男,自由职业,经济学人爱好者
Pamela,女,新闻民工,经济学人爱好者
校核组:
Vambie,女,互联网民工,经济学爱好者
Damon,男,钢管搬运工,经济学人爱好者
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观点 |评论|思考
本次观点由Pamela独家奉献
Pamela,女,新闻民工,经济学人爱好者
在大佬呆萌的指点下,我罗列了两点了解巴菲特最重要的要素:1)价值投资;2)他的搭档查理芒格。
所谓“人在江湖飘,技多不压身”,巴菲特能买中的股票,为何你买不到,价值投资说白了就是巴菲特的独到优势。巴菲特总是被称之为股神,印象中是一个擅于玩弄股票的人,他买的股票总会得到意想不到的结果。他曾经也提出了很多的价值投资,别人总是看不懂他的套路和逻辑。
列出两条大家感受下:
1、好公司才有好股票:那些业务清晰易懂,业绩持续优秀并且由一批能力非凡的、能够为股东利益着想的管理层经营的大公司就是好公司。(据说巴菲特没事就喜欢研究公司财报)
2、价值评估既是艺术,又是科学。巴菲特主要采用股东权益报酬率、账面价值增长率来分析未来可持续盈利能力的。
很多人都在解读巴菲特的价值投资,对于这种虚的东西好像又没有办法解释。找资料的时候看到一篇文章,蛮有意思的:你真懂巴菲特的价值投资吗?(https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24259142)
文中提到的伯克希尔哈撒韦公司(Berkshire Hathaway)是全球规模最大的多元化集团企业。有一个神奇的地方是,尽管伯克希尔哈撒韦公司现在发展得很不错,但在1960年代,却是一家逐渐没落的新英格兰小纺织企业。
巴菲特本人在回顾过去二十五年来曾犯的错误时表示,买伯克希尔纺织厂就是他所犯的第一个错误,虽然当时他已经很清楚,这是个前景悲观的企业,但他还是被低价吸引而购入,他想,即使状况真的很遭,还是可以从中赚取高于投资金额的现金,再拿去做其它投资。
接管这家纺织厂之后,巴菲特通过在保险和其他行业的一系列收购,以及在可口可乐、美国运通、富国银行等美国标志性企业的股权投资组合,将伯克希尔哈撒韦变成了历史上最成功的投资机构之一。
另外,不得不提的一点是,他的搭档查理芒格。有人说,如果没有查理芒格也没有巴菲特的今天,可见他搭档的重要性。据说,这两位投资大师一起共事的将近40年里,伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的股价,已从19美元一路涨至现在的21万6975美元。
在这里罗列下查理·芒格一生坚持的三个方法论:
首先,是学会利用“反向思维”。在芒格看来,你要先去考虑哪些东西会让你想做的事情失败,然后才能想办法避免失败的发生。
其次,是要有“多元思维模式”。
最后一点,是专注和看重机会。查理芒格觉得,机会是非常有限的,所以要拥有极度的耐心和决心,当机会有利,并且自己有十分把握时,就应该狠狠地下注。
看来,大佬之所以成为大佬还是有属于他们自己的方法论的。