消防英文：Fire Basic Science Wrap-Up（火灾基础科学概要）
For a fire to occur, four components must be present: fuel, oxidizing agent,
heat, and an uninhibited chemical chainreaction. This is referred to as the fire
tetrahedron.
（发生火灾需具备4个元素，分别是可燃物、氧化剂、热源及化学连锁反应，上述通称为燃烧四面体。）
During a fire, materials may change their physical state as a result of being
heated. These phase changes include melting and vaporization.
（在火场里物质可能会因为高热而改变物理型态，像是熔解或是蒸发。）
If a fire has a limited amount of air for combustion, an increase in an amount
of visible products of combustion, such as soot, smoke, and carbon monoxide,will occur.
（如果火灾发生时没有足够的空气供给燃烧，煤灰、烟、一氧化碳这类可见的燃烧产物就会增加。）
The color of smoke should not be relied on as an indicator of the material
burning.
（火场中火烟的颜色不能作为判断燃烧物质种类的依据。）
Fluid flows, heat transfer, ignition and flame spread, fuel package, heat flux,
and the distinction between fuel-controlled fires and ventilation-controlled firesare all components of fire dynamics.
（热对流、热传导、燃烧、火焰扩散、可燃物、热通量、燃料控制燃烧与通风控制燃烧都是属于火灾动力学的范畴。）
The power of a fire is determined by calculating its HRR, the energy being
released by the individual fuels being consumed. It is measured in either wattsor kilowatts.
（火灾强度系经由计算热释放率，即火场内的可燃物烧尽时所释放出来的能量得知，计算单位为瓦或千瓦。）
An ignition source can be defined as either smoldering or flaming. A source ofignition may also be characterized as either piloted or autoignition.（燃烧可区分为无焰燃烧或有焰燃烧，起火源可能为外力引燃或自燃。）
Rates of flame spread are not only dependant o the individual fuel properties,
but also the position and orientation of the fuel surfaces.
（火势扩大延烧的速率与可燃物多寡、可燃物的位置、堆栈方向等因素有关。）
Investigators should be cautious of statements made by witnesses as they
relate to the rate of fire growth because often witnesses describe the rate of
fire growth from the time they discover the fire, which may be difficult to
compare to the time of ignition.
（火灾调查人员对于目击者所提供的证词要谨慎分析，尤其是有关火势延烧的速度方面的证词，因为通常目击者的证词与火灾实际发生时间多有出入。）
本文节录于NFPA Principle and Practice to NFPA 921and 1033
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德国保险商实验室(VDS)