4项外泌体与靶向给药研究思路解读
昨天举了几个栗子🌰为大家介绍了外泌体在靶向给药中的应用文献(戳这里回顾:【文献导读】外泌体与靶向给药),发现很多朋友对这个领域非常感兴趣,所以今天特意为大家详细解读一下这4篇文章的研究思路,如何根据药物的不同性质,以及不同细胞的Exosome的性质,来设计实验思路和更好的靶向给药。最后附一些exosome and drug delivery方面的参考文献供大家一起学习。
1. Tian Y, Li S, Song J, Ji T, Zhu M, Anderson GJ, Wei J, Nie G. A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials(IF=8.387). 2014 Feb;35(7):2383-90. PubMed PMID: 24345736.
思路:改造Exosome表面蛋白使其特异性靶向癌细胞,使其内部装载药物靶向释放,特异性杀灭癌细胞。
生产外泌体细胞:imDCs
药物:阿霉素Doxorubicin(Dox)
靶向:αv integrin阳性细胞
这篇文章将iRGD 肽段:CRGDKGPDC(可与肿瘤细胞特异性高表达的αv integrin特异性结合)和外泌体膜蛋白lysosomeassociated membrane glycoprotein 2b (Lamp2b),以及加强型绿色荧光蛋白eGFP,构建成pEGFP-C1-RVG-Lamp2b 质粒,外转入小鼠未成熟的树突细胞immature dendritic cells (imDCs)(分泌物无免疫反应)中。再将化疗药物阿霉素doxorubicin (Dox)利用电刺激转入改造好的Exosome中,从而达到特异性杀灭αv integrin阳性表达的癌细胞。
2. Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Liu C, Barnes S, Grizzle W, Miller D, Zhang HG. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther(IF=6.938). 2010 Sep;18(9):1606-14. PubMed PMID:20571541
思路:疏水性药物的靶向给药方案。
生产外泌体细胞:小鼠淋巴细胞系EL-4
药物: curcumin,
靶向:炎症反应
由于抗炎症的药物Curcumin的疏水性,Curcumin的溶解度太小,在活体给药时造成Curcumin的药物浓度无法达到所需水平。这篇文章将EL-4 (mouse lymphoma cell line)的外泌体与curcumin 混合孵育,使得curcumin附着在Exosome外膜上,将带有curcumi的外泌体浓缩后给药,发现Exosome很大程度地升高了curcumin的药物浓度和给药效率。
3. Mizrak A, Bolukbasi MF, Ozdener GB, Brenner GJ, Madlener S, Erkan EP, Ströbel T, Breakefield XO, Saydam O. Genetically engineered microvesicles carrying suicide mRNA/protein inhibit schwannoma tumor growth. Mol Ther(IF=6.938). 2013 Jan;21(1):101-8. PubMed PMID: 22910294
思路:通过基因改造的Exosome用于处理癌细胞,使其可被药物特异性杀灭。
生产外泌体细胞:HEK-293
药物:5-氟尿嘧啶 5-FC
靶向:外泌体处理后特异性表达CD和UPRT的癌细胞
简单来说,这篇文章就是将Cytosine Deaminase(CD)和Uracil Phosphoribosyl Transferase(UPRT)特异性包入Exosome中,将改造过的Exosome处理坐骨神经癌细胞后尾静脉注射裸鼠,并在小鼠腹腔注射prodrug:5-FC,5-FC就会导致被特异性表达CD和UPRT的癌细胞凋亡。
4. Lai CP, Kim EY, Badr CE, Weissleder R, Mempel TR, Tannous BA, Breakefield XO. Visualization and tracking of tumour extracellular vesicle delivery and RNA translation using multiplexed reporters. Nat Commun(IF=11.329). 2015 May 13;6:7029. PubMed PMID: 25967391
思路:利用多报告质粒方法,实时追踪细胞外泌体的产生,外泌体内的mRNA的活动,标记后的外泌体在小鼠体内的分布。
将Enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)增强型的绿色荧光蛋白和tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato)红色荧光蛋白棕榈酰化(palmitoylation)---PalmGFP, PalmtdTomato,外转入HEK-293细胞中,两种不同颜色的荧光蛋白就可以附着于膜上,实现两种荧光共定位,与膜蛋白染料PKH相比,可以更特异性地定位外泌体的分布;
进一步将PalmtdTomato-MS24X-RNA和MS2CP-GFP外转入HEK-293细胞中,由于MS24X和MS2CP特异性结合,就可以实验Exosome膜蛋白和RNA的共定位;
接着构建EV-GlucB(Gluc- BAPTM)自发光的荧光素酶报告基因外泌体,与绿色荧光膜标记的外泌体EV-PalmGFP外转入胶质瘤细胞Gli36中,就可以实时监测外泌体附着目的细胞和蛋白翻译的过程。
Reference:
Johnsen KB, Gudbergsson JM, Skov MN, Pilgaard L, Moos T, Duroux M. A comprehensive overview of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles - endogenous nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Aug;1846(1):75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.005. Epub 2014 Apr 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 24747178.
Hood JL. Post isolation modification of exosomes for nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016 Jul;11(13):1745-56. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0102. Epub 2016 Jun 27. PubMed PMID: 27348448
Tian Y, Li S, Song J, Ji T, Zhu M, Anderson GJ, Wei J, Nie G. A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials(IF=8.387). 2014 Feb;35(7):2383-90. PubMed PMID: 24345736.
Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Liu C, Barnes S, Grizzle W, Miller D, Zhang HG. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther(IF=6.938). 2010 Sep;18(9):1606-14. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2956928.
Mizrak A, Bolukbasi MF, Ozdener GB, Brenner GJ, Madlener S, Erkan EP, Ströbel T, Breakefield XO, Saydam O. Genetically engineered microvesicles carrying suicide mRNA/protein inhibit schwannoma tumor growth. Mol Ther(IF=6.938). 2013 Jan;21(1):101-8. PubMed PMID: 22910294; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3538300.
Lai CP, Kim EY, Badr CE, Weissleder R, Mempel TR, Tannous BA, Breakefield XO. Visualization and tracking of tumour extracellular vesicle delivery and RNA translation using multiplexed reporters. Nat Commun(IF=11.329). 2015 May 13;6:7029. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4435621.
Sugahara KN, Teesalu T, Karmali PP, Kotamraju VR, Agemy L, Girard OM, Hanahan D, Mattrey RF, Ruoslahti E. Tissue-penetrating delivery of compounds and nanoparticles into tumors. Cancer Cell. 2009 Dec 8;16(6):510-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.013. PubMed PMID: 19962669