专家论坛|匡铭:多灶肝细胞癌异质性的多组学研究与临床意义
肝细胞癌(HCC)是一种原发于肝脏的恶性肿瘤,高居全球癌症死亡率的第四位[1]。我国每年新诊断的HCC患者约46.61万例,每年大概有42.21万例患者死于HCC,发病及死亡人数均接近世界的一半[2]。HCC的恶性程度高,复发率高,预后较差。据报道[3-5],有50%~75%的HCC在诊断时已是多个病灶,治疗方式十分有限且效果不佳。
对于多灶HCC,剩余肝脏储备功能的不足极大增加了手术切除的难度,即使可以顺利手术,患者术后5年复发率仍高达70%~80%,极高的复发率导致患者预后不良[6],预防复发是实现HCC患者长期生存的关键[7]。然而,在STORM研究[8]中,索拉非尼作为一线靶向药物,并没有降低根治性治疗后HCC患者的复发率。HCC高度的异质性被认为是治疗失败的主要原因[4,9]。此外,对于失去根治性治疗机会的晚期HCC患者,靶向治疗作为一线治疗方案,其中位无进展生存时间仅为3.6~7.3个月[10-11],不良反应的发生率超过80%。越来越多的临床研究结果显示免疫治疗是晚期HCC很有前景的治疗手段。免疫检查点抑制剂,如细胞程序性死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)抗体治疗晚期HCC患者的一线治疗总体生存时间为28.6个月,二线治疗总体生存时间为12.9~15个月[12-14]。然而,PD-1抗体治疗HCC的总体响应率低于20%[13-14]。药物靶点和免疫微环境的异质性被认为是临床上靶向和免疫治疗疗效不一的主要原因[15]。
相比于单个病灶,多灶HCC的肿瘤异质性更为复杂[16-18]。HCC的多个病灶可能来源于多个中心或者是同一个原发灶的肝内转移[19]。近来多个研究从基因突变、拷贝数变异(CNAs)、结构变异(SVs)和HBV DNA的整合位点[20-24]的角度评估了多灶HCC的肿瘤起源和基因组异质性。此外,多灶HCC的转录异质性,尤其是免疫的异质性与免疫治疗反应有关[23-25]。
本文基于多灶HCC的基因组和转录异质性研究领域的文献报道,并结合作者的研究成果,重点介绍多灶HCC的肿瘤起源、基因组结构、克隆进化以及不同病灶间的RNA表达和肿瘤免疫微环境特征,并探讨上述异质性对多灶HCC精准诊疗的影响。
1多灶HCC的基因组特征X
2多灶HCC的转录组特征
3小结
参考文献:
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匡铭, 许丽霞, 刘信, 等. 多灶肝细胞癌异质性的多组学研究与临床意义[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(10): 2184-2187.
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