艾滋治疗新思路!腺相关病毒递送单抗可长期抑制HIV病毒

近日,Immunity在线发表了Ronald C. Desrosiers研究组的新作Adeno-associated virus delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies can drive long-term virologic suppression,首次在猕猴体内通过腺相关病毒1型递送实现了一次注射长效抑制SHIV,从而为人体内的该型疗法进行了概念性验证,使用腺相关病毒载体递送单抗组合可以在体内长效抑制HIV病毒。

腺相关病毒属于细小病毒科,病毒粒径小,无囊膜,免疫源性极弱,可将其基因组专一性地整合到人体基因组的特定位置,是理想的递送系统,目前已有上百项使用腺相关病毒的临床实验开展中。近十年来,大量HIV的高效广谱中和抗体被发现,可通过被动输入方式直接注射猴子或人体而抑制病毒复制,但需要多次注射以维持体内抗体浓度,不利于推广使用,而腺相关病毒作为递送载体仅通过一次注射即可达到长期维持抗体浓度的效果。

为模拟病毒长期感染,Ronald团队首先对4只猕猴注射了SHIV-AD8,该病毒同样使用CCR5作为辅助受体,可以在猴体内产生持续性病毒血症,并引起CD4+ T细胞的减少和艾滋病样症状。病毒注射2-3周后,病毒血症达到峰值,每毫升血液中病毒拷贝数达106-107 ;长期感染(32-62周),病毒载量仍然维持在103-105数量级。实验全过程四只猴均未服用抗逆药物。

SHIV病毒注射86周后,4只猴通过静脉注射了由腺相关病毒1型载体递送的三种高效中和抗体10E8、3BNC117、10-1074,分别靶向病毒囊膜蛋白GP41、GP120。这些抗体均为IgG1型,并其恒定区被替换为猕猴抗体的恒定区序列,替换后抗体的中和滴度无明显差异。注射腺相关病毒后,虽四只猴子体内中测得的抗体浓度并不相同,但SHIV的病毒载量迅速下降到检测值以下,并在其后三年的38次检测中始终维持在检测值以下(图1所示)。

图1 rh2438猕猴注射腺相关病毒后获得长期抑制效果(图片来源引文[7])

为测定rh2438猴体内病毒的复制活性,研究者进行了多项实验:腺相关病毒注射53周和62周后,分别取该猴外周血淋巴细胞样品进行病毒回收,均未获得病毒。注射74周和78周后,分别取rh2438猴的淋巴结,将其细胞上清注射未感染SHIV的猕猴,受体猴均未检测到病毒血症。注射93周后,通过病毒生长定量测定,发现在250万PBMC混合培养中,回收到SHIV;但低于200万PBMC的混合培养中仍未回收到病毒。说明注射腺相关病毒近两年后,仅有极少数细胞中含有具备复制活性的SHIV。

当然,腺相关病毒载体的应用也存在明显障碍。在人和猴体内,腺相关病毒递送的抗体会引起抗体反应,几乎全部由抗体的可变区引起,而可变区正是抗体有效对抗HIV病毒的特异区段,已有人体内递送的HIV单抗由于ADA效应几乎无法检出的报道 (Jefferys, R. HIV vaccine update: the ‘‘Miami macaque’’ as proof-ofconcept breakthrough? 2018)。由此后续还需降低ADA效应、提高递送效率,是该方法进一步应用前急需解决的问题。

原文链接:

https://www.cell.com/immunity/pdfExtended/S1074-7613(19)30071-8

附文献信息

DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.005
Highlights
Chronically SHIV-infected macaques were treated with AAV-delivered bnAbs

Long-term virologic suppression is possible with AAV-delivered antibodies

A functional cure was achieved in one SHIV-infected macaque

Development of host-generated anti-antibodies limited treatment effectiveness

Summary
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We describe a therapy trial in which four rhesus monkeys were infected with SHIV-AD8 for 86 weeks before receiving the AAV-encoded mAbs 3BNC117, 10-1074, and 10E8. Although anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses restricted mAb delivery, one monkey successfully maintained 50–150 μg/mL of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 for over 2 years. Delivery of these two mAbs to this monkey resulted in an abrupt decline in plasma viremia, which remained undetectable for 38 successive measurements over 3 years. We generated two more examples of virologic suppression using AAV delivery of a cocktail of four mAbs in a 12-monkey study. Our results provide proof of concept for AAV-delivered mAbs to produce a “functional cure.” However, they also serve as a warning that ADAs may be a problem for practical application of this approach in humans.

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