共克三阴性乳腺癌新靶向治疗耐药

  三阴性乳腺癌的雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人类表皮生长因子受体HER2均为阴性,对内分泌治疗和HER2靶向治疗无效。大约15%的三阴性乳腺癌存在成纤维细胞生长因子受体FGFR基因拷贝扩增、突变或融合,其肿瘤转移率较高、患者生存率较低,故FGFR被认为是三阴性乳腺癌的新靶点。不过,乳腺癌患者对FGFR抑制剂原发或继发耐药是目前临床面临的巨大难题。

  2021年11月4日,英国《自然》旗下《细胞生物学》在线发表美国哈佛大学医学院、达纳法伯癌症研究所、贝斯以色列和新英格兰女执事医疗中心、哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院的研究报告,探讨了三阴性乳腺癌对FGFR抑制剂英菲格拉替尼耐药的具体机制。

  为了确定FGFR抑制剂英菲格拉替尼的潜在联合用药靶点,该研究利用基因编辑技术对英菲格拉替尼中度敏感的三阴性乳腺癌细胞系进行全基因组基因剔除筛选,发现剔除调控细胞生长的关键因子mTOR和YAP可增加药物敏感性,而参与核小体染色质重塑的SWI/SNF复合物成员ARID1A与BRG1失活可导致细胞出现耐药。英菲格拉替尼长时间用药同样可导致肿瘤细胞mTORC1复合体激活。有趣的是,YAP信号靶基因以及SLC1A5、SLC7A5、SLC3A2等多种氨基酸转运蛋白是在耐药过程显著上调的转录物和蛋白质。在FGFR抑制期间,三阴性乳腺癌细胞内谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、亮氨酸等氨基酸都大量蓄积,表明对FGFR抑制剂继发耐药由氨基酸转运增加所致,并导致mTORC1复合体激活,氨基酸转运蛋白在耐药过程中高度表达很可能与表观遗传变化相关。FGFR抑制剂长期用药可导致了染色质开放区域增强子高度激活,并且这些染色质区域含有大量YAP/TEAD的DNA结合基因序列。在耐药过程中,若干氨基酸转运蛋白增强子都被激活并且可与YAP转录因子结合。而且,SWI/SNF复合体及其核心蛋白BRG1染色质结合谱也与YAP/TEAD结合位点高度重合,但是对FGFR抑制导致BRG1从染色质解离。与耐药过程相似的是,剔除三阴性乳腺癌细胞的BRG1可显著促进YAP依赖性增强子激活以及YAP靶基因转录。

  为了开发用于临床转化的精准联合治疗,该研究利用FGFR基因异常的三阴性乳腺癌患者来源肿瘤异种模型,测试了英菲格拉替尼联合mTOR抑制剂依维莫司或YAP抑制剂CA3的治疗效果。在大多数情况下,两种药物联合都可显著抑制肿瘤生长。由于英菲格拉替尼和依维莫司已批准被用于临床肿瘤治疗,故可快速开展临床研究对靶向FGFR和mTORC1的联合用药方案进行验证。

Nat Cell Biol. 2021 Nov 4. Online ahead of print.

FGFR-inhibitor-mediated dismissal of SWI/SNF complexes from YAP-dependent enhancers induces adaptive therapeutic resistance.

Yihao Li, Xintao Qiu, Xiaoqing Wang, Hui Liu, Renee C. Geck, Alok K. Tewari, Tengfei Xiao, Alba Font-Tello, Klothilda Lim, Kristen L. Jones, Murry Morrow, Raga Vadhi, Pei-Lun Kao, Aliya Jaber, Smitha Yerrum, Yingtian Xie, Kin-Hoe Chow, Paloma Cejas, Quang-Dé Nguyen, Henry W. Long, X. Shirley Liu, Alex Toker, Myles Brown.

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

How cancer cells adapt to evade the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting oncogenic drivers is poorly understood. Here we report an epigenetic mechanism leading to the adaptive resistance of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. Prolonged FGFR inhibition suppresses the function of BRG1-dependent chromatin remodelling, leading to an epigenetic state that derepresses YAP-associated enhancers. These chromatin changes induce the expression of several amino acid transporters, resulting in increased intracellular levels of specific amino acids that reactivate mTORC1. Consistent with this mechanism, addition of mTORC1 or YAP inhibitors to FGFR blockade synergistically attenuated the growth of TNBC patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, these findings reveal a feedback loop involving an epigenetic state transition and metabolic reprogramming that leads to adaptive therapeutic resistance and provides potential therapeutic strategies to overcome this mechanism of resistance.

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00781-z

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