氢能动力电动摩托车：Fraunhofer研究所新型储氢技术POWERPASTE

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Hydrogen Drives for E-Scooters: Fraunhofer Institute Develops POWERPASTE for Hydrogen Storage

氢能动力电动摩托车：Fraunhofer研究所新型氢储技术POWERPASTE

（图片来自fuelcellsworks)

Hydrogen is considered to be the engine of the future. While the first hydrogen cars are already driving on German roads, the previously common pressure tank for e-scooters is not manageable.

氢能被视为未来经济的引擎。虽然首批氢动力汽车已经在德国道路上行驶，但用于电动摩托车的常规压力罐仍无法控制。

The POWERPASTE provides an alternative: In it, hydrogen can be chemically stored in a safe way, easily transported and refueled without expensive filling station infrastructure.

POWERPASTE提供了一种替代方案：氢气可以安全的化学方式进行化学存储，无需昂贵的加氢站基础设施即可实现轻松运输和加氢。

Gasoline and diesel engines, which are powered by fossil fuels, will soon be sidelined by climate change. Instead, new propulsion systems will be required. One fuel with a big potential is hydrogen. Hydrogen vehicles are equipped with a reinforced tank that is fueled at a pressure of 700 bar. This tank feeds a fuel cell, which converts the hydrogen into electricity. This in turn drives an electric motor to propels the vehicle. In the case of passenger cars, this technology is well advanced, with several hundred hydrogen-powered automobiles already in operation on German roads. At the same time, the network of hydrogen stations in Germany is projected to grow from 100 to 400 over the next three years. Yet hydrogen is not currently an option for small vehicles such as electric scooters and motorcycles, since the pressure surge during refilling would be too great. Does this effectively shut out such vehicles from hydrogen technology?

由化石燃料提供动力的汽油和柴油发动机不久将被气候变化所淘汰。相反，将需要新的动力推进系统。氢能就是一种潜力巨大的燃料。氢能车辆配备的加固型储罐的加氢压力为700 bar。储罐里的氢通过燃料电池转化为电能，所产生的的电能继而驱动电动机来推动车辆前进。就乘用车而言，这项技术的成熟的较高，已经有数百辆氢动力汽车在德国道路上运行。同时，德国的加氢站数量预计在未来三年内将从100个增加到400个。然而，由于加氢期间的压力波动太大，对于诸如电动摩托车和摩托车之类的小型车辆氢能目前还不是一种选择。这是否有效地将此类车辆从氢技术中排除了？

POWERPASTE: the hydrogen technology for small vehicles

POWERPASTE:专为小型车辆设计的氢能技术

Not at all! Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM in Dresden have now come up with a hydrogen-based fuel that is ideal for small vehicles: POWERPASTE, which is based on solid magnesium hydride. “POWERPASTE stores hydrogen in a chemical form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to be then released on demand,” explains Dr. Marcus Vogt, research associate at Fraunhofer IFAM. And given that POWERPASTE only begins to decompose at temperatures of around 250 °C, it remains safe even when an e-scooter stands in the baking sun for hours. Moreover, refueling is extremely simple. Instead of heading to the filling station, riders merely have to replace an empty cartridge with a new one and then refill a tank with mains water. This can be done either at home or underway.

事实并非如此！位于德累斯顿的德国弗劳恩霍夫生产技术和应用材料研究(IFAM)的研究人员研发出了一种完美符合小型车辆需要的新的氢型燃料：基于固态氢化镁的POWERPASTE。IFAM的研究助理Marcus Vogt博士解释说：“POWERPASTE在室温和大气压下以化学形式存储氢，然后按需释放。” 由于POWERPASTE仅在约250°C的温度下开始分解，即使电动滑板车在烘烤的阳光下放置数小时，它仍然是安全的。此外加氢过程非常简单。骑手不必前往加氢站，而只需用一个新的墨盒替换用完的墨盒，然后仅用水填充满储罐即可，整个过程完全可以在家中或路途中完成。

TRL5 demonstrator of a power generator with inserted POWERPASTE cartridge and 100 W PEM fuel cell

装有POWERPASTE墨盒及100W PEM燃料电池发动机的TRL5 演示器

The starting material of POWERPASTE is magnesium, one of the most abundant elements and, therefore, an easily available raw material. Magnesium powder is combined with hydrogen to form magnesium hydride in a process conducted at 350 °C and five to six times atmospheric pressure. An ester and a metal salt are then added in order to form the finished product. Onboard the vehicle, the POWERPASTE is released from a cartridge by means of a plunger. When water is added from an onboard tank, the ensuing reaction generates hydrogen gas in a quantity dynamically adjusted to the actual requirements of the fuel cell. In fact, only half of the hydrogen originates from the POWERPASTE; the rest comes from the added water. “POWERPASTE thus has a huge energy storage density,” says Vogt. “It is substantially higher than that of a 700 bar high-pressure tank. And compared to batteries, it has ten times the energy storage density.” This means that POWERPASTE offers a range comparable to – or even greater than – gasoline. And it also provides a higher range than compressed hydrogen at a pressure of 700 bar.

POWERPASTE的初始原料是镁，镁是地球上最丰富的元素之一，因此获取方式比较便捷。镁粉与氢在350℃和5至6倍大气压下合称为氢化镁。然后加入酯和金属盐以形成最终产物。安装在车辆上之后，POWERPASTE通过柱塞从墨盒中得到释放。当从车载储罐中添加水时，随后的反应会产生氢气，氢气的数量可以动态调整到燃料电池的实际需求。实际上，只有一半的氢气来自POWERPASTE，其余的来自添加的水。Vogt说：“ POWERPASTE因此具有巨大的储能密度， 大大高于700 bar高压罐。与电池相比，它的储能密度是其十倍。”这意味着POWERPASTE提供的范围可以与汽油相媲美甚至更大。而且它在700 bar的压力下比压缩氢气的作用范围更大。

Suitable for e-scooters – and other applications as well

适用于电动摩托车，同时也适用于其他应用

With its huge energy storage density, POWERPASTE is also an interesting option for cars, delivery vehicles and range extenders in battery-powered electric vehicles. Similarly, it could also significantly extend the flight time of large drones, which would thereby be able to fly for several hours rather than a mere 20 minutes. This would be especially useful for survey work, such as the inspection of forestry or power lines. In another kind of application, campers might also use POWERPASTE in a fuel cell to generate electricity to power a coffeemaker or toaster.

凭借其巨大的储能密度，POWERPASTE还是汽车、货运车辆和电动汽车增程器的有趣选择。同样，它也可以大大延长大型无人机的飞行时间，从而能够使无人飞行数小时而不是仅仅20分钟。这对于诸如林业检查或输电线的勘测工作尤其有用。在另一种应用场景中，露营者还可以在燃料电池中使用POWERPASTE来发电从而为咖啡机或烤面包机供电。

POWERPASTE helps overcome lack of infrastructure

POWERPASTE有助于缓解基础设施不足的压力

In addition to providing a high operating range, POWERPASTE has another point in its favor. Unlike gaseous hydrogen, it does not require a costly infrastructure. This makes it ideal for areas lacking such an infrastructure. In places where there are no hydrogen stations, regular filling stations could therefore sell POWERPASTE in cartridges or canisters instead. The paste is fluid and pumpable. It can therefore be supplied by a standard filling line, using relatively inexpensive equipment. Initially, filling stations could supply smaller quantities of POWERPASTE – from a metal drum, for example – and then expand in line with demand. This would require capital expenditure of several tens of thousands of euros. By way of comparison, a filling station to pump hydrogen at high pressure currently costs between one and two million euros for each fuel pump. POWERPASTE is also cheap to transport, since no costly high-pressure tanks are involved nor the use of extremely cold liquid hydrogen.

除了提供较高的行驶里程外，POWERPASTE还有另一个优势。与气态氢不同，它不需要昂贵的基础设施。这使其非常适合缺乏此类基础设施的区域。因此，在没有加氢站的地区，常规的加油/气站可以出售弹墨盒或罐中的POWERPASTE。POWERPASTE是流体状且可泵送。因此，可以使用相对便宜的设备通过标准的灌装线进行供应。最初，加油站可以从金属桶中获得少量的POWERPASTE，然后根据需求进行扩展。这将需要数万欧元的资本支出。相比之下，每个高高压加氢站的资本支出目前达到一到两百万欧元，才能以高压泵送氢气。由于不涉及昂贵的高压罐，也不需要使用极冷的液态氢，POWERPASTE的运输成本也很低，。

Pilot center planned for 2021

试点中心计划于2021年建立

Fraunhofer IFAM is currently building a production plant for POWERPASTE at the Fraunhofer Project Center for Energy Storage and Systems ZESS. Scheduled to go into operation in 2021, this new facility will be able to produce up to four tons of POWERPASTE a year – not only for e-scooters.

位于德累斯顿的德国弗劳恩霍夫生产技术和应用材料研究(IFAM)正在弗劳恩霍夫能源存储和系统ZESS项目中心建设POWERPASTE的生产工厂。新工厂预计于2021年投入运营，年产POWERPASTE达4吨-所产的POWERPASTE不仅仅用于电动摩托车。

Source: Fraunhofer IFAM

来源：弗劳恩霍夫生产技术和应用材料研究(IFAM)