COOOSO´s Regulation (ChineseEnglish中英文对照版)

目 录 第一章 总则...................................................... 1 第二章 平台布置................................................. 3 第三章 平台结构................................................. 6 第四章 防腐蚀.................................................... 10 第五章 海上施工作业............................................ 13 第六章 钻井系统和油(气)生产工艺系统....................... 17 第七章 通用机械设备及管系.................................... 24 第八章 起重机..................................................... 33 第九章 电气设备及电缆.......................................... 36 第十章 仪表及控制系统........................ .................. 43 第十一章 生活区................................................. 47 第十二章 直升机甲板设施...................................... 49 第十三章 防火结构及脱险通道................................. 50 第十四章 火灾与可燃气体探测报警系统及消防系统......... 56 第十五章 逃生及救生装置...................................... 60 第十六章 助航标志及信号...................................... 64 第十七章 通信设备.............................................. 66 第十八章 防污染及噪声、振动控制........................... 69 第十九章 建造检验.............................................. 71 第二十章 生产期检验........................................... 78 第二十一章 安全分析和安全管理系统........................... 83 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 1 1.1 宗旨 为了减少或避免平台在建造、安装、调试、投产和生产作业、检修、改造直至废弃的全过程中，可能出现的下列损失： 人员伤亡, 环境污染, 设施破坏和财产损失。 根据《海上石油天然气生产设施检验规定》（下称《油（气）生产设施检验规定》）和《海洋石油作业安全管理规定》，制定本《规则》。 1.2 适用范围 1.2.1 本《规则》适用于在中华人民共和国的内海、领海、大陆架以及其它属于中华人民共和国海洋资源管辖海域内, 建设和使用的海上固定平台(包括常规导管架平台, 简易平台和无人驻守平台等，下称平台）。 1.2.2 张力腿式、牵索塔式、混凝土重力式等其它类型固定平台其上部生产设施的设计、建造、安装和试运转及生产作业应符合本《规则》的有关规定。 1.2.3“浮式生产储油装置”的安全规则另行颁发。在其正式颁布执行之前，浮式生产系统、浮式储油装置和其他移动式生产平台其上部设施可参照本规则执行。 1.2.4 平台废弃与拆除的有关规定另行颁布。 1.2.5 本《规则》为平台安全的主要规定; 本《规则》未做规定的内容可适用所用规范、标准中的有关规定。 本《规则》允许作业者依据平台实际条件, 依据先进的系统安全理论、方法和最新的技术, 遵循国外先进的海上设施安全条例和安全分析规范, 采取不同于本《规则》某些条款的安全对策。如果作业者计划采取不同的对策, 应首先进行科学的和系统的安全分析, 用分析和数据证明所采取对策的可靠性, 证明该对策所承担的风险及其风险值符合最低合理可行的原则; 作业者还必须向中国海洋石油作业安全办公室(下称安全办公室)提出正式的书面专题申请, 并附安全分析文件, 待安全办公室批准后方可实施。 1.3 基本原则 1.3.1 危险(隐患)的识别和预防原则 在平台的规划设计阶段、采办阶段、建造阶段和生产作业等各个阶段, 作业者应坚持危险(隐患)的识别和预防的原则。 a) 对于引发重大事故的危险, 即含有爆炸、火灾、灼热、烟雾和有毒气体(含浓烟)五类事件的各种不同的潜在源, 必须予以高度重视, 必须进行风险评估。 b) 对于有可能引发重大事故的危险, 应予以足够重视, 应进行必要的风险评估。 c) 对于不致引发重大事故的其它危险, 亦不应忽视, 宜进行必要的风险评估。 1.3.2 事故对策 作业者应确立在建造阶段和生产作业阶段可能发生事故时的对策, 包括管理对策和硬件设施。 例如:安全管理体系和安全计划, 应急计划, 应急关断、消防、救生、逃生设施等。事故对策应从正常作业准备时就开始实施, 尤其是安全管理、安全教育/培训和安全监督。 为了预防重大事故发生、减小重大事故的后果, 事故对策应特别注意以下几个方面: a) 对于火灾、爆炸、热、烟、可燃气、有毒气的探测、报警、限制(隔离、关断)和消防; 以及当上述事故发生时, 人员的防护、逃生和救生。 b) 避免在钻井/完井/修井作业、生产作业及其同时作业过程中发生烃泄漏、爆破，及由此产生的火灾、爆炸、环境污染和井喷等恶性事故。 c) 避免平台重要结构在不利和意外荷载作用下发生破坏, 尤其是遭灾难性破坏后而不能支撑上部设施, 以及由此引发的重大事故, 如烃泄漏, 环境污染等。 d) 避免高温、高压设备和电气设备等机、管、电系统和设施出现严重破坏和损坏, 造成事故升级, 出现烃泄漏、污染、火灾、爆炸和人员伤亡等重大事故。 1.3.3 安全分析 安全分析是识别、预防隐患和确立恰当的事故对策的有效方法。安全分析核心是识别隐患, 分析其发生的可能性和后果, 从技术和经济结合的角度确定安全对策。平台的设计单位、建造单位、安装单位、作业者、发证检验机构和检验机构, 均应遵循安全分析的原则, 进行必要的安全分析。 1.4 本《规则》的解释权和修改权属于“中国海洋石油作业安全办公室”。 1.5 本《规则》用语含义: “发证检验机构”系指由安全办公室认可的油（气）生产设施发证检验机构。 “检验机构”系指平台作业者聘请的、代表作业者实施审查、检查、检验的机构。 “所用规范、标准”系指符合《海上油（气）生产设施检验规定》第十二条要求, 由平台作业者在平台设计、建造、安装、生产作业中和发证检验机构在实施发证检验中所应用的技术规范、标准。 “简易平台”系指油气井数不多、平台上不安装自持式修井机、上部设施较少的生产平台，其下部结构具有下列特征之一: a) 利用油（气）井的隔水导管（群）兼做下部支撑结构的平台; b) 下部支撑结构的节点等的连接, 全部或主要利用非焊接的机械连接方法（如螺栓连接、销连接、卡子连接等）直接固定于桩/桩导管上的平台。 c) 其它型式的简易下部结构 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 2 “无人驻守平台”系指无人居住的平台。在日常生产条件下, 平台上无人进行生产操作；特殊条件下, 如检修期间、应急故障处理期间、经批准的访问、调查期间, 以及定期巡检时, 允许登平台的人数应尽可能少；登台人员不得在平台上过夜。 CHAPTER 1 GENERALS In order to avoid or reduce damages as specified below for the platform during its construction, installation, commissioning, start-up and production, maintenance, conversion and final abandonment: personnel injury environmental pollution facilities damage and property loss The “Safety Rules for Offshore Fixed Platforms” (hereafter referred as 〈the Rules〉is formulated in pursuance of “The Provisions on the Survey of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Facilities” (hereafter referred as the Survey Provisions) and “the Safety Control Provisions on offshore Petroleum Operations” (hereafter referred as the Safety Control Provisions). 1.2 Scope of Application 1.2.1 The 〈Rules〉are applicable to offshore fixed platforms (called the Platforms hereafter) (including the normal jacket, minimum structure and unmanned platform) installed and used in the internal sea, territorial sea, continental shelf and other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the Marine Resources Management of the People’s Republic of China. 1.2.2 In the periods of design, construction, installation, inspection, commissioning and production of the platform, all the operators, designers, contractors for platform construction and installations, the certifying survey agencies for surveying offshore oil/gas production facilities (hereafter referred as Certifying Survey Agencies) and the third Survey Agencies shall comply with the requirements in the <Rules> and other laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China. 1.2.3 The design, construction, installation, commissioning and production operations of the topside production facilities on the other types of fixed platforms such as tension leg platforms, guy-tower platforms, concrete gravitational platforms shall follow the relevant provisions of the〈Rules〉. 1.2.4 Safety rules for “Floating Production Storage Unit (FPSU)” will be issued separately. The safety requirements for the topside facilities of the FPSU, FPS and other mobile production platforms, however, can refer to the〈Rules〉until the special rules are issued. 1.2.5 1.2.6 the requirements in the originally applied rules or standards. But its refitting, modification and inspection during platform operation shall be complied with the relative requirements in the 〈Rules〉 . If any items of the above related work can not meet the〈Rules〉for reasonable causes , the platform operator must submit beforhand an application specifying such items to the China Offshore Petroleum Operation Safety Office (called the safety office hereafter). Conducting the work can be started only after the approval. 1.2.7 The “Rules” are the primary regulations for platform safety. The relevant provisions of the applied specifications and standards shall be also followed to those not yet specified in the〈Rules〉 . The operator may adopt some safety measures different from some items specified in the 〈Rules〉 , based on the special situation of the platform, guided by the advanced theory on system safety, using methods and the latest techniques for offshore facility safety, as well as following the latest version of safety provisions on offshore facilities and specifications for safety analysis. In this case, a scientific & systematic safety analysis is required first, to ensure with facts and data the reliabilities of the measures adopted and the risks and risk value of the adopted measures within the minimum, reasonable & practical requirements, at the same time, the operator shall submit a formal written application to the safety office along with the safety analysis documents. The adopted measures can only be put into practice after being approved by the Office. The provisions concerning platform abandonment and removal will be promulgated separately. Technical conditions for the production platforms which went into production prior to the promulgation of the 〈Rules〉 shall meet 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 3 1.3 Basic Principle 1.3.1 Principles for hazard identification and risk prevention. In the periods of planning, designing, procuring, construction and production of the platform, the operators must adhere to the principles for hazard identification and risk prevention. (1) Keep close watch at the potential hazard causing big accidents, i.e. the five different potential hazard sources of explosion, fire, scorching hot, smoke and toxic gas (or heavy smoke) and a risk evaluation must be made. (2) Enough attention shall be paid on the hazard that may cause big accidents, and the necessary risk evaluation shall be made. (3) Other hazards which may not cause big accidents shall not be neglected and necessary risk evaluation shall also be made. 1.3.2 Countermeasures for accidents Operators shall make up the countermeasures for accidents that may occur in the construction and production periods, including management countermeasures and hard ware facilities, such as safety management system, safety plan, emergency plan, emergency shutdown , fire protection, life-saving appliances and so on. The countermeasures shall be started at the beginning of preparation for normal operation, especially those of safety management, safety education/training and safety supervision. In order to avoid any big accidents and reduce damages or loss of the accidents,more attention is nededed when taking any countermeasures for the following cases: (1) Detection, alarming, restriction (isolation, shutdown), fire protection for the fire, explosion, heat, smoke, flammable gas and toxic gas; and personnel protection, life-saving and survival when the above accidence occurs. (2) To avoid hydrocarbon leaking, blasting and serious accidents in this result such as fire, explosion, environmental pollution, blowout etc. in the operation of drilling/completion/work-over, production operation and concurrent operations . (3) To prevent the main structures on the platform from any damages under harmful and unexpected loads, especially the serious damages causing the structures failing to support the upside facilities, thus resulting in big accidents as hydrocarbon leaking and environmental pollution. (4) To avoid failures and serious damages of the machinery, piping and electrical system or facilities such as high temperature and high pressure equipment and electrical equipment, resulting in even more serious accidents and causing hydrocarbon leaking, pollution, fire, explosion, personnel injury/death etc. 1.3.3 Safety Analysis Safety analysis is the effective method for hazard identification,risk prevention and setting up the correct countermeasures for accidents. The core of safety analysis is to identify hazard and analyse its possibility and results, to set up safety countermeasures based on both technology and economics. The designer, construction and installation contractors, operator and Certifying Survey Agencies and the third survey agencies of the platform shall all comply with the principles of safety analysis and take necessary safety analysis. 1.4 1.5 The Safety Office Reserve the Right of Interpretation and the Right of Revision to the “Rules”. Definition of Terminology used in the “Rules”. “Certifying Survey Agencies” means the certifying survey agencies for surveying offshore oil (gas) production facilities approved by Safety Office. “ The Third Survey Agencies” are the survey agencies employed by and on behalf of platform operators to conduct the reviewing,checking and inspection. “Applied Specifications and Standards” means the technical specifications and standards complying with the requirements of 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 4 Article 12 of the “Survey Provisions for Offshore Oil and Gas Production Facilities”, and being applied by the platform operator during design, construction, installation and production operations of the platform and applied by the certifying survey agencies during executing the certifying inspections. “Minimum platform” means a production platform without self-contained workover rig with limited wells, and less topside facilities . Its substructures is characterized by any one of the following following features: 1) Well conductor (s) are served as structural and/or axial foundation elements; 2) All or most of the joint connections of substructural elements are attached to piles/pile sleeves directly by means of non-welded mechanical methods as such connected with bolt, pin, clamp, etc; 3) Other types of simple substructure “unmanned platforms” means the platform with no accomodation quaters. In normal production condition, no body works and operates on the platform. In the special conditions, such as in the period of maintaining, dealing with the emergency breakdown, approved visiting and investigation , checking and regular checking, but he number of the people allowed to land up the platform shall be as less as possible and they are not allowed to stay over night on board. 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 5 2.1 一般规定 2.1.1 平台应在油(气)田开发工程设计条件、钻井、完井、修井工艺设计和（或）油（气）田生产总工艺流程设计及油（气）田开发工程设施总体布置（下称总体设计）的基础上进行设计, 确定平台方位、尺度, 对生产区、公用设施区、生活区进行合理布置, 保证生产作业、人员生命及财产的安全, 并力求经济合理。 2.1.2 总体设计前, 平台作业者应提出本章第二节所列的设计条件, 并由具备资格的单位提供平台所在海域环境条件等方面的资料。设计采用的环境条件的重现期应由作业者根据油（气）田生产寿命、平台的重要性和环境条件资料的可靠性等因素进行技术经济评价后确定, 并编入《海上油(气）生产设施检验规定》第二十一条第 2 款要求的《海上油（气）生产设施安全分析报告》中。 2.2 总体设计 2.2.1 设计条件 油（气）田开发工程的主要设计条件为: a) 油（气）田地理位置; b) 油藏特性及开发方案; c) 油藏流体物理性质及化学成分; d) 钻井方案、完井方式及修井方式; e) 采油方式、井口流压、静压、井口流体温度、气油比、含水率、油田生产压降; f) 油田生产寿命, 逐年油、气、水产量及注水量; g) 井数以及单井最大油、气、水日产量; h) 环境条件 (1) 平台设计所需要的环境条件系指所有影响平台强度、稳定、以及影响平台建造、安装和使用的环境条件。对平台有显著影响的环境条件应包括但不限于:水文气象、地震、附着生物、海底冲刷、腐蚀及冰磨蚀和地貌及工程地质。 (2) 用以确定设计环境条件的原始资料必须可靠、连续和有代表性。推算设计环境条件的方法应是公认的。 2.2.2 钻井、修井工艺设计 若采用平台钻井装置、修井装置进行钻井修井作业, 应根据油藏数据、油（气）田生产井布置和本章 2.2.1 中 a）、b）、d）、f）的内容和钻井、修井设备布置的要求做出优化的钻井、修井工艺设计。 2.2.3 油（气）田生产总工艺流程设计 应根据油藏数据、油（气）田生产井布置、注水和机械采油方式以及本章 2.2.1 中 a）、b）、c）、d）、e）、f）所列的有关数据, 使用公认的计算机程序进行物、热平衡计算, 做出油（气）田生产总工艺流程的优化设计。 2.2.4 油（气）田开发工程设计总体布置 应对油（气）田开发工程方案进行筛选和优化, 做出包括油（气）田开发工程全部设施的总体布置。 2.3 平台布置的主要内容及危险区划分 2.3.1 平台布置的原则 根据下述原则确定甲板上钻井、修井设备和（或）油（气）生产设备、公用和生活设施的布置, 并确定甲板尺寸: a） 满足安全、防火、消防、人员逃生和救生的需要; b） 满足生产作业的需要; c） 满足维修及事故处理的需要; d） 满足结构合理性的需要; e） 满足海上施工的需要; 2.3.2 平台最下层甲板高程 平台最下层甲板应处于设计环境条件时潮汐与波浪最不利组合情况下的最大波峰高程以上, 并留有至少 1.5 米的间隙, 以保证最下层甲板的安全。 2.3.3 平台方位 应根据平台所在海域的风、浪、流等环境条件、使用要求及安全要求, 确定平台方位。 2.3.4 甲板通道和甲板间梯道 应根据甲板尺度大小、生产作业和人员逃生的需要设置两处或多处甲板通道和甲板间梯道。脱险通道的设置应符合本《规则》13.2 的有关规定。 2.3.5 井口区布置原则 2.3.5.1 井口区应布置在有良好自然通风的区域; 若不可能, 也可设于围蔽区内, 但应按所用规范、标准的要求, 设置必要的通风设施。 2.3.5.2 油、气井应设置与油藏压力相适应的井口装置。气井、自喷井、应设井上安全阀和井下安全阀。油藏能量低的井, 在安全分析的基础上, 经安全办公室批准可只设井上安全阀。 2.3.6 危险区分类 平台危险区分为以下三类: 2.3.6.1 0 类危险区: 在正常操作条件下, 连续地出现达到引燃或爆炸浓度的可燃性气体或蒸气的区域; 2.3.6.2 1 类危险区: 在正常操作条件下, 断续地或周期性地出现达到引燃或爆炸浓度的可燃性气体或蒸气的区域; 2.3.6.3 2 类危险区: 在正常操作条件下, 不大可能出现达到引燃或爆炸浓度的可燃性气体或蒸气, 但在不正常操作条件下, 有可能出现达到引燃或爆炸浓度的可燃性气体或蒸气的区域。 2.3.7 危险区划分 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 6 应按照 2.3.6 和所用规范、标准中关于危险区划分的规定, 做出危险区划分图。 2.3.8 防火隔壁和甲板的设置 平台布置中应考虑设置防火隔壁和防火甲板, 用以隔离危险区, 或必要时在危险区内设置安全处所。防火隔壁和甲板的设置原则和要求应符合本《规则》第十三章的有关规定。 2.3.9 直升机甲板 平台通常应设置直升机甲板。对于用栈桥连接的平台群， 应在其中的一个平台上设直升机甲板，甲板的布置原则和要求应符合本《规则》第十二章的有关规定。 2.3.10 生活区的设置 如果生活区与钻井/生产区不能分别布置在两个独立的平台上, 则生活区应尽可能通过公用区与钻井/生产区隔离, 应尽可能远离钻井/生产区；生活区的上方和下方严禁布置钻井和油气处理设施；生活区应布置在平台的上风向。 2.3.11 无人驻守平台的布置: 2.3.11.1 在平台上应设有可靠的安全应急关断设施; 2.3.11.2 设置安全可靠的登平台设施, 确保作业人员上下平台的安全; 2.3.11.3 设置防止外部人员登上平台的装置, 保护平台的生产不因外部人员的登入而意外中断。 CHAPTER 2 PLATFORM LAYOUT 2.1 General Provisions 2.1.1 The platform shall be designed based on the design criteria of oil (gas) field development engineering, the process design of well drilling,completion and work-over, and/or the overall process flow design for the production of oil(gas) field as well as the overall layout of production installations of oil(gas) development engineering (called overall layout design hereunder), to determine the orientation and dimensions of the platform, and reasonably to arrange production area, utility area and living quarters, so as to ensure, in a cost effective and reasonable manner, the safety of production operations, personnel life and property. 2.1.2 Before starting up of the overall layout and process design, the platform operator shall provide engineering contractor with design criteria as listed in Article 2 of this Chapter,and the materials on the environmental conditions of the sea area where the platform is located shall be made available by a qualified agency. Reoccurrence of environmental conditions used in engineering work shall be determined by the operator as a result of the technical and economical evaluation on the life of the field, importance of the platform and reliability of materials on the environmental conditions, etc. and shall be written into the 〈Safety analysis report for offshore oil (gas) production facilities 〉as required by Article 21,Section 2 of〈The Provision on the Survey of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Facilities〉. 2.2 Overall Layout and Process Design 2.2.1 Design criteria The main design criteria for an oil (gas) development engineering are as follows: 2.2.1.1 Geographical location of the oil (gas) field; 2.2.1.2 Reservoir characteristics and its development plan; 2.2.1.3 Physical properties and chemical composition of reservoir fluids; 2.2.1.4 Drilling plan, mode of well completion and method of work-over; 2.2.1.5 Way of production, wellhead flowing pressure, shut-in pressure and wellhead fluid temperature, gas/oil ratio, water cut, production pressure drops; 2.2.1.6 Oil field production life, year by year output of oil, gas and water as well as water injection rates; 2.2.1.7 Number of wells and maximum single well daily output of oil, gas and water; 2.2.1.8 Environmental conditions (1) Environmental conditions required in platform engineering mean all that which can impact the strength、stability、construction and installation work as well as operations of the platform. The environmental conditions which may give significant impact to the platform include but not limited to: hydrometeorology, earthquake, attaching organism, seabottom scouring, erosion & 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 7 glacial wearing and sea floor geomorphology & engineering geology. (2) Original materials used for determining the design environmental conditions shall be reliable, successive and representative. The method used for deriving the design environmental conditions shall be generally recognized. 2.2.2 Drilling and work-over process designs If a platform drilling unit and work-over unit be used to perform drilling and work-over operations, an optimized drilling and work-over process design shall be worked out based on the reservoir data, well spacing and the requirements for the layout of drilling and work-over equipment,and those as specified in 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2, 2.2.1.4, 2.2.1.6 of this Chapter for the field concerned. 2.2.3 General process flow sheet design for an oil/gas field development An optimized general flow sheet design for an oil/gas field development by using publicly recognized computer program for heat and material balance calculation shall be worked out based on reservoir data, production well spacing, arrangement of water injection and mode of artificial lift as well as related data listed in 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2, 2.2.1.3, 2.2.1.4, 2.2.1.5, 2.2.1.6 of this Chapter for the field concerned. 2.2.4 General layout of the oil/gas development engineering. The field development engineering plan shall be screened out and optimized to work out a general layout drawing for all the field development engineering installations. 2.3 Main Items for the Platform Layout and Hazardous Area Classification 2.3.1 Principles for platform layout The following principles shall be followed to determine the layout of drilling, work-over equipment and/or oil (gas) production equipment, utility and living facilities on deck, so as to determine the deck size: 2.3.1.1 To satisfy the needs of safety, fire prevention, fire extinguishing, escape and life-saving; 2.3.1.2 To satisfy the needs of production operations; 2.3.1.3 To satisfy the needs of maintenance and accident handling; 2.3.1.4 To satisfy the requirements of structural rationality; 2.3.1.5 To satisfy the requirements of offshore construction; 2.3.2 The lowest deck elevation of the platform The elevation of the lowest deck of the platform shall be sufficient to provide at least 1.5 meter clearance above the maximum crest of the design wave induced by the most unfavorable tide and wave combination under the design extreme environmental conditions. 2.3.3 Platform orientation Platform orientation shall be determined based on the environmental conditions (i.e. wind, wave, current, etc.) in the sea area it is located, the operational requirements and safety requirements. 2.3.4 Passageways and stairways between decks The platform shall be provided with two or more deck routes and stairways according to the deck size and the requirements of production operation and personnel escape. Arrangement of the escape routes shall comply with the related provisions of Item 13.2 of the 〈Rules〉. 2.3.5 Arrangement of wellhead area 2.3.5.1 The wellhead area shall be located in an adequately naturally ventilated area, if this is impractical, it may be located in an enclosed 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 8 space, but shall be provided with necessary ventilation appliances in compliance with the applied specifications and standards. 2.3.5.2 Oil (gas) wells shall be provided with wellhead assemblies suitable to reservoir pressure. Gas wells and flowing wells shall be equipped with surface safety valves and subsurface safety valves. For wells having low reservoir pressure, maybe only surface safety valves are needed, but it shall be approved by the Safety Office. 2.3.6 Classification of hazardous area Hazardous areas on a platform shall be classified into the following 3 categories. 2.3.6.1 “Zone 0” hazardous areas are the areas where flammable gases or vapours are continuously accumulated with concentration reaching their ignitable or explosive limits under normal operating conditions. 2.3.6.2 “Zone 1” hazardous areas are the areas where flammable gases or vapours are intermittently or periodically accumulated with concentration reaching their ignitable or explosive limits under normal operating conditions. 2.3.6.3 “Zone 2” hazardous areas are the areas where flammable gases or vapours, accumulated with concentration reaching their ignitable or explosive limits, are not likely present under normal operating conditions, but may be present under abnormal operating conditions. 2.3.7 Hazardous area classification A hazardous area classification drawing shall be worked out according to the provisions related to the hazardous area classification in 2.3.6 〈Rules〉and the applied specifications and standards. 2.3.8 Placement of fire bulkheads and decks Fire bulkheads and decks can be placed when laying out the platform to isolate hazardous area and protect the safe zones, or if necessary, to establish a safe shelter within a hazardous area. The principles and requirements for placing fire bulkheads and decks are to comply with the related provisions of Chapter 13 of the 〈Rules〉. 2.3.9 Helideck Generally, a helideck shall be placed for the platform. For the clustered platforms connected with bridges, a helideck shall be placed on one of them. The principles and requirements for helideck are to comply with the realted provisions of Chapter 12 of the 〈Rules〉. 2.3.10 Placement of accommodation If it is not possible to place the accommodation and drilling/production areas separately on two independent platforms, the accommodation shall, as far as possible, be separated from the drilling/production area with an utility area; No drilling and oil/gas treatment equipment is allowed to be placed above and under the accommodation. The accommodation shall be placed upwind of the platform. 2.3.11 Layout of unmanned platform 2.3.11.1 Reliable safety emergency shutdown devices shall be provided in the platform. 2.3.11.2 Reliable landing devices shall be installed in the platform for operators going up and down safely. 2.3.11.3 Devices to prevent other persons from landing up will be installed, ensuring an unexpected interruption of the operation. 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 9 3.1 一般规定 3.1.1 平台结构包含下部结构（由桩基和导管架组成）、上部结构（又称甲板或组块）和相应的附属物件。 3.1.2 结构设计 结构设计应以可靠的计算分析为基础。使用的计算机程序应是已为工程实际应用证明是可靠和适当的, 或是由发证检验机构认可的。所有计算分析和设计使用的方法应满足所用规范、标准的要求。 3.1.3 结构建造 结构的建造应根据加工设计进行。建造工艺、尺寸控制、重量控制、建造阶段的计算、所有用于建造设备的能力及建造人员的资格应满足所用规范、标准的要求。 3.2 环境条件 按本《规则》第二章 2.1 和 2.2 中的有关规定执行。 3.3 场地及地基调查 3.3.1 在平台结构设计前, 应对平台位置进行场地和地基调查（海床地貌调查和工程地质与土力学调查）。 场地和地基调查的范围、深度, 以及调查内容和精确度取决于平台结构的尺度、平台的用途和重要性、海床状况和场地土的均质性, 以及以往在该地区的工程经验等。 3.3.2 场地和地基调查报告至少应包括: a） 调查时间和调查者; b） 调查范围和钻孔座标; c） 调查内容; d） 使用的方法和设备的描述; e） 调查成果; f） 成果应用说明和可能的误差分析。 3.4 荷载及荷载组合 3.4.1 结构设计荷载应包括结构在建造、安装(以下统称施工阶段)和使用阶段可能遇到的所有荷载。这些荷载可以分为: 固定荷载、活荷载、环境荷载、施工荷载和特殊荷载。 3.4.2 为了考虑某些情况下荷载的不确定性, 设计中宜使用合适的荷载系数。 3.4.3 荷载组合的基本原则应是以结构在相应阶段中可能出现的最不利的荷载条件进行组合。 3.4.4 在组合中应合理地考虑各种荷载条件同时出现的概率, 对同时出现的各种环境作用应尽可能使用其联合概率值。 3.4.5 在考虑环境荷载时, 应尽可能使用实际方向的环境资料。 3.5 结构分析 3.5.1 结构分析应包括结构在施工阶段和使用阶段所需要的所有总体和局部分析。结构分析的模型应能够准确地模拟实际结构。对于简易平台结构应合理考虑除焊接以外的连接形式对构件和节点约束作用的改变。 3.5.2 使用阶段总体分析 3.5.2.1 使用阶段的总体分析应根据不同的荷载组合情况相应考虑进行操作条件和极端条件的分析。 3.5.2.2 总体分析一般以静力分析为主。当荷载作用的动力影响不可忽视时, 应进行结构动力分析。对于简易平台结构, 应特别注意由于整体刚度变小而引起的动力效应和对疲劳作用的影响。 3.5.3 施工阶段总体分析 施工阶段总体分析包括本章第九节和本《规则》第五章所规定的分析。 3.5.4 局部分析 3.5.4.1 局部分析包括局部静力分析和局部动力分析。 3.5.4.2 在进行局部分析时, 应正确模拟其边界条件。 3.5.4.3 局部分析使用的荷载条件应与总体分析使用的荷载条件相一致。 3.6 钢结构设计 3.6.1 钢结构设计应采用所用规范、标准中推荐的方法。当采用特殊方法时, 应得到平台作业者的批准。 3.6.2 钢结构设计包括构件（含过渡锥体）、管节点和其他连接的设计。 3.6.3 对于管节点和其他连接, 应进行疲劳分析。疲劳设计寿命应至少是结构工作寿命的两倍。 3.6.4 对于简易平台结构, 应根据结构的冗余程度, 合理地考虑其结构构件和结构系统的强度储备。应特别注意主要结构节点的设计, 对非焊接型式的构件节点连接宜参照合适的工业规范标准来设计, 并应以合理的分析作为依据。 3.7 桩基础设计 3.7.1 桩基础设计包括桩基础的轴向承载能力和侧向承载能力的确定。此外, 桩基础设计还应包括打桩过程中的桩身强度校核, 以及桩可打入性分析。 3.7.2 桩基础的轴向承载能力 桩基础的轴向承载能力的确定除应按照所用规范、标准的要求外, 还应考虑沉桩方法、桩体构造和土壤等情况。 3.7.3 桩基础的侧向承载能力 中国海洋石油作业安全办公室 10 桩基础的侧向承载能力可直接由考虑非线性基础的结构总体分析得到, 也可在进行等效线性基础的结构分析后, 由考虑非线性的单桩分析得到。 3.7.4 桩基础模拟 在结构的总体分析中, 可根据设计要求和采用的方法使用线性基础或非线性基础。 在使用线性基础时, 应保证使用的线性基础等效于实际的桩——土系统。 在使用非线性基础时, 应能够模拟桩——土系统的侧向荷载——变位特性（P—Y 曲线）和轴向荷载—变位特性（T—Z 和 Q—Z 曲线）。 3.7.5 群桩效应 在桩的间距小于 8 倍桩径时, 应考虑群桩效应。群桩效应的计算应按照公认的方法进行。 3.8 材料 3.8.1 用于建造平台的各种材料应满足设计要求。材料的选择除应满足强度要求外, 还应考虑结构工作场所的环境条件、在结构中的部位和可能使用的加工方法等。 3.8.2 用于建造平台的钢材应具有合乎要求的出厂证书（包括钢材的炉号、批号、化学成分、机械性能等）, 和/或具有由平台建造单位复验并经发证检验机构认可的试验报告。不符合要求的钢材不得使用。 3.8.3 材料检验 材料到达承包商施工现场后, 承包商应按事先编制好的材料检验程序进行尺寸、外观、标记等材料检验。 3.8.4 材料的标记和跟踪 所有材料均应有持久的、明显的标记。 没有标记的材料, 一定要做化学成份分析和机械性能试验；符合要求后报经作业者认可, 打上标记, 方可使用。 建造单位应编制材料跟踪程序, 并进行材料跟踪。 3.8.5 钢材的替代 经平台作业者的同意和发证检验机构的认可, 可以使用化学成分和机械性能相当、满足设计要求的其他牌号的钢材替代原设计指定牌号的钢材。 3.9 建造 3.9.1 平台结构的建造单位应根据所用的规范、标准以及设计的要求进行加工图设计编制建造程序。 建造工作应按照加工图和建造程序进行。 对于影响结构强度的建造阶段和方法, 应进行强度复核分析和计算。所有不满足要求的构件, 均应采取临时加固措施, 并得到设计者的认可。 3.9.2 钢材准备 在切割下料前, 钢材应进行预处理, 以符合下料要求。所有准备好的钢材, 均应妥善保管和运输。 3.9.3 构件切割和机械加工 应使用适用的工艺和方法进行钢材切割和机械加工。所有切割产生的缺口应补焊、磨平，毛刺应去除。