消防英文：预防的等级（Levels of Prevention）
-- 预防的等级
● Researchers are always looking for new and better ways to prevent disease and
injury, both to avoid human suffering and to control the tremendous economic costs of
poor health. But when researchers and health experts talk about “prevention,” what do
they mean?
（研究人员总是在寻找新颖且更好的方式来预防疾病和伤害，不管是避免人们痛苦或是控制健康不佳所带来巨大的经济损失。但是当研究人员和健康专家谈论到预防时，他们是指什么意思？）
● Going up stream. Imagine that you’re standing beside a river and you see someone
drowning as shefloats by. You jump in and pull her ashore. A moment later, another
person floats past you, and you’re not able to save even one more victim. So you
decide to go up stream to see what the problem is. You find that people are falling into
the river because they are stepping through a hole in a bridge. Once this is fixed,people stop falling into the water.
（往上游走。想象你站在河边，然后你看到有人溺水漂流经过。你跳下水或将她拉至岸边。几分钟后，另一个人漂流经过你，而你已经无法再救另一个人了。所以你决定往上游走看看问题在哪里。你发现人们掉进河里是因为他们走进桥上的洞。一旦这个洞补起来了，人们就不会再掉到河里了。）
● When it comes to health and safety, prevention means “going up stream” and fixing a problem instead of saving victims one by one. In general, prevention includes a wide
range of activities known as “interventions” aimed at reducing risks or threats to health. These are usually grouped into three categories: primary, secondary and tertiary.
（当谈到健康和安全时，预防就是指「往上游走」，并解决问题，而不是去救一个个的受难者。一般而言，预防包括广泛范围的活动像是锁定减少对健康风险或威胁之「介入」。这些都常被归为3个种类：首要的、次要的和第三的。）
-- Primary prevention. Here the goal is to protect healthy people from developing a
disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. For example,education about fire
safety, removing fire hazards from the home or workplace,immunizations against
infectious diseases, and the importance of regular exercise.
（首要的预防。这里的目标是保护健康的人们避免一开始就得到疾病或受伤。举例来说，像是火灾安全的教育、从住家或工作场所移除火灾危害、从传染性疾病免疫及定期运动的重要性。）
-- Secondary prevention. These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk
factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow theprogress. Mitigating or minimizing the event is part of secondary prevention
(e.g., providing suitable modified work for injured workers; telling people totake daily,
low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack orstroke; and firefighting to
minimize the destructive force of fire).
【次要的预防。这些介入行动会在发现疾病或重大风险因素时出现。目标是停止或减缓发生的过程。减缓或减少事件发生就是次要预防的一部分（例如，提供适合予受伤员工调整过的工作；告诉人们每日服用低剂量阿司匹林预防心脏病或中风；灭火以消除火灾的破坏性力量）。】
-- Tertiary prevention. This focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronicpain. The goals
include preventing further physical deterioration andmaximizing quality of life (e.g., cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs,chronic pain management programs, and patient support programs).
（第三的预防。这着重于协助人们管理复杂、长期健康的问题，像是糖尿病、心脏疾病、癌症及慢性疼痛。目标包括防止进一步的身体恶化并提升生活质量【例如，心脏病或中风复原计划、慢性疼痛管理计划及病患支持计划】。）
注：本文相关内容来自USFA：http://www.usfa.fema.gov/
（本专栏内容可能与我国消防现况有所出入，仅供学习消防英文参考使用。）
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消防英文：介绍、交往、开场白、叙事、询问及结论--青少年纵火之审查方法
德国保险商实验室(VDS)