颈静脉孔区的膜性解剖(上)
颈静脉孔内的分区?(孔内的膜性构成)
颈静脉球如何向颈内静脉过渡?(血管壁的膜性构成)
颈静脉孔硬膜反折到底指哪个?(颅内孔外的膜性解剖)
寰枕交界区的膜性层次和外科意义?(颅外孔外的膜性解剖)
问题一:颈静脉孔内的分区?
图1:四大主要分区模型
图2:基于文献4美化的脑膜组织学示意图,摘自《Al-Mefty's Meningiomas》(2ed,2011)
图3:左,虚线为jugular pocket(JP)入口;右,大箭头和小双箭其实都是脑膜层,文中主观地错误认为大箭头是脑膜层的缺口,小双箭是颅神经穿透的骨膜层。
“The junction of the sigmoid and petrosal parts is the site of bony prominences on the opposing surfaces of the temporal and occipital bones, called the intrajugular processes, which are joined by a fibrous or, less commonly, an osseous bridge, the intrajugular septum, separating the sigmoid and petrosal part of the foramen”
“the intrajugular or neural compartment situated between the petrosal and sigmoid parts at the site of the intrajugular processes of the temporal and occipital bones, the intrajugular septum”
“Both meati are located on the medial side of the intrajugular processes and septum”
1、颞枕骨颈内突(intrajugular processes)之间的韧带称为颈内隔(intrajugular septum),有时可以骨化。两端的颈内突连同中间的颈内隔,成为划分颈静脉孔最重要的分界线。
2、是分界“线”而非分界“面”,颈内隔仅仅是两端骨性突起之间的那段“连线”,仅位于颈静脉孔内口处;颈内突的孔内骨嵴部分,即颈内嵴,文中并没有提及。由此可见,Katsuta分区仅仅针对的是颈静脉孔颅内口这个面,而非孔内空间;“intrajugular”(颈内)的真正含义应该是“intra- the intracranial aperture of the jugular foramen”。
3、神经部的位置,虽然是“at the site of”上述分界线,但文中很明确的说明了是在此分界线的“medial side”,即,神经部始终紧贴颈内突-颈内隔的前内侧。这与上文Bernard的组织学研究一致。显微解剖+组织切片,证据确凿(为什么如此强调这点,见下文)。
4、上述颈内突-颈内隔连线分隔的是神经部和乙状部,但神经部和岩部的分界线却没有给出。这是因为在颈静脉孔内口处,确实不存在分隔两者的另一根显著的“连线”。但根据Kawase的“pocket”和Bernard的“sac”,很明显,舌咽袖套的“上环”可以充当此分界线(骨桥形式为佐证,见下文);而在孔内,上环的延伸,即Bernard所谓的“intrajugular ligament”的前部,可继续充当此“分界面”。
5、那么神经部和乙状部在孔内的分界“面”呢,即颅内口处的颈内隔向颈静脉孔内部是如何延伸的呢?首先应将颈内隔理解为“隔江相望”的颞骨颈内突和枕骨颈内突的骨膜层相互延伸而“架起的桥”,因此本身为骨膜层属性(所以可以骨化)。颞骨颈内突其实是颈静脉孔顶壁五条“下垂”骨嵴中的一条——颈内嵴(jugular ridge)的后内侧端(详见《前世今生下篇》)。因此,颈内嵴表面的骨膜层必定与韧带形式颈内隔的本身、或骨化形式颈内隔的骨膜层相延续,即形成了颈内突骨膜层-颈内隔骨膜层-颈内嵴骨膜层这样一个骨膜面。这个面还可向内下方的潜在枕骨颈内嵴延伸。另一方面,由于神经部位于颈内突-颈内隔的前内侧(上述第2点),那么神经部pocket的后外侧面脑膜层(即Bernard所谓的“intrajugular ligament”的后部)势必紧贴上述骨膜面的前内侧面。因此,个人认为,上述骨膜层+脑膜层相互贴合,即构成了颈静脉孔内最显著的分隔,是孔口处颈内隔的孔内延伸。
6、如此显著的分隔有命名吗?至少本人所查文献未见。为何无命名?因为它的另一个身份更“显赫”——颈静脉球/颈内静脉上端的静脉前壁。Hakuba[10]、Sen[11],以及历史上的其他无分隔理论支持者们,认为孔内并无明确分隔,颅神经被致密结缔组织包饶在同一间隙内,我想,这就是因为他们自然而然地将上述分隔看作是静脉前壁,人为地将静脉腔排除在外,并且观察的已经是颅神经pocket“收口”后的被骨膜层纤维“吞没”的孔内空间。
7、如果非要给颈静脉球前壁冠以“septum”的命名呢?个人认为,“intrajugular septum”其实很适合,点明了其作为颈静脉孔“内(intra)”的特点。但是,该命名已经被Rhoton征用了,目前的狭义定义确实也符合与颈内突intrajugular process相延续的特点。那么基于其分隔了后内侧的颈静脉窝(jugular fossa)和前外侧的锥形窝(pyramidal fossa),我会将其命名为“jugulo-pyramidal septum”。
8、虽然根据5,可理解此分隔是骨膜层(后外侧面)+脑膜层(前内侧面)“贴合”而来,但在组织切片上无法观察到这样的分层表现,在显微解剖上也明显是完整的一层。这是因为骨膜层和脑膜层本就无法明确区分(见上文)。所以,两者“融合”可能比“贴合”更为恰当;而整个颈静脉窝乃至乙状窦、所有颅内静脉窦,它们的窦壁,虽然可以理解为由骨质面的骨膜层和脑表面的脑膜层“拼接”而来,但其实更可能的也是由两者融合而成。
9、此分隔不是完整无缺的,反而是“千疮百孔”的,因为需接受来自前方静脉通道的回流,最主要的是岩下窦,或更下方的“岩下静脉”(inferior petrosal vein)[10],后者并非与岩上静脉Dandy's vein对应的、从小脑延髓池穿梭后组颅神经脑池段汇入颈静脉孔颅内口的桥静脉,而是沿岩斜裂颅外面走行于岩下窦底面汇入颈内静脉上端的静脉,目前更多地被称为“下岩斜静脉”(inferior petroclival vein)。正是由于这些缺口的存在,颈静脉球的静脉腔不应被孤立(第6点),而应视作“interperiosteodural compartment”(硬膜间部)的一部分。
10、作为颈静脉窝内的静脉窦壁,此分隔又是如何与颈内静脉的“正宗”静脉壁延续的?见下文问题二的讨论。
“The glossopharyngeal and vagal meati are consistently separated by a dural septum ranging from 0.5 to 4.9 mm. The only intradural site at which the glossopharyngeal nerve is consistently distinguishable from the vagus nerve is just proximal to this dural septum”。
A型,硬膜内-蛛网膜下腔型(intradural-subarachnoidal):文章认为是pocket外,而我认为是pocket内。此段起源的鞘瘤,完全同听神经瘤。其中又可以分为A1型:起源于颅内,向pocket延伸;A2型:起源于孔内pocket内,向颅内延伸。入路适合采用乙状窦后-迷路下/颈静脉孔上扩展(详见《前世今生:颈静脉孔区手术入路(下篇)》),手术技巧基本同听神经瘤的“脱裤子”法(详见《疑云密布——听神经瘤的蛛网膜解剖》),应该可以全切肿瘤且保护神经。
B型,硬膜间型(interdural):文章认为是pocket内,而我认为是pocket外,近侧界为pocket末端,远侧界是骨膜层向颅底外侧面骨质散开层面,即起源于pocket“收口”后,但又未穿出颈静脉孔颅外口的部分。由于被致密骨膜层包饶,故又可称骨膜内型(intraperiosteal)。此段内的神经本身有其神经外膜(脑膜层),神经与血管之间充满了致密的骨膜层。此段起源的鞘瘤,其近侧界可能被pocket末端箍紧的硬膜脑膜层阻隔于脑膜层外-蛛网膜外,其远侧界可能被致密的骨膜层阻隔于颈静脉孔下界以上。适合侧方的经乳突-迷路下入路或后外侧的经髁窝-经颈静脉突入路,但全切肿瘤且保留神经很难做到。
C型,硬膜外型(extradural):起源于颈静脉孔下界以下,即在孔内致密骨膜层散开层面以下,主体位于广义颞下窝、咽旁间隙、高位颈部等。适合上颈部入路,手术主要涉及颅底筋膜的处理(详见《茎突隔膜——头颈部筋膜大乱斗(下)》),应该可以全切肿瘤且保护神经。
D型,混合型:从形态学上看是哑铃状或三哑铃状,即同时包括孔上-内-下三个区间中的两个以上。而肿瘤的膜性属性取决于肿瘤的初始起源和生长方向。需要联合入路。
最烧脑的一部分解决了,剩下的三个问题下篇继续烧脑。
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