校园枪击者是怎么形成的

It's hard to empathize with someone who carries out a school shooting.

很难理解那种搞出校园枪击案的人们。

The brutality of their crimes is unspeakable.

他们罪行的残忍无需多言。

Whether the shootings were at Columbine, at Sandy Hook, or in Parkland, they have traumatized students and communities across the U.S.

无论枪击案发生在哥伦比亚，桑迪.胡克还是在帕克兰，它们都给整个美国的学生和社区带来了悲痛。

Psychologist John Van Dreal understands that.

心理学家约翰.凡.德瑞尔也明白这些。

He is the director of safety and risk management at Salem-Keizer Public Schools in Oregon, a state that has had its share of school shootings.

他是俄勒冈州的塞勒姆.凯泽公立学校的风险管控主任，该州也发生过枪击案。

In 2014, about 60 miles from Salem, where Van Dreal is based, a 15-year-old boy shot one student and a teacher at his high school before killing himself.

2014年时，离凡.德瑞尔工作的塞勒姆60英里处，有一名15岁的男孩开枪杀死了他高中的一名学生和老师，然后开枪自尽。

"Someone went out of their way to target and kill children who look like our children, teachers who look like our teachers — and did it for no other reason than to hurt them," says Van Dreal. "And that's very personal."

“有些人失控了以至于杀死了跟我们的孩子差不多年级的孩子，跟我们的老师差不多的老师——难道仅仅就是为了去伤害他们吗，”凡.德瑞尔说道。“这是很有针对性的犯罪。”

Still, Van Dreal and other psychologists and law enforcement agents do spend a lot of time thinking about what it's like to be one of these school shooters, because, they say, that is key to prevention.

不过，凡.德瑞尔和其他的心理学家以及立法机构确实也画了很多时间来思考作为一名校园枪击者，他们是怎么想的，因为，他们说，这是预防新的悲剧的关键所在。

Most shooters in these cases had led difficult lives, the studies find.

研究发现，绝大部分校园枪击者的生活上都比较困难。

"Adolescent school shooters, there's no question that they're struggling and there have been multiple failures in their lives," says Reid Meloy, who is a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.

“对于青少年的校园枪击者，毫无疑问他们的生活很艰难，人生中有各自打击，”雷德.梅洛伊说到，他是圣地亚哥州加利福利亚大象精神病学的临床教授。

Many struggle with psychological problems, says Meloy, who also consults with the FBI.

很多人都有心理疾病，梅洛伊说到，他也为FBI提供咨询。

Mental health issues don't cause school shootings, Van Dreal emphasizes.

心理健康问题并不会马上引发校园枪击案，凡.德瑞尔强调说。

After all, only a tiny, tiny percentage of kids with psychological issues go on to become school shooters.

毕竟，最后从心理疾病发展为校园枪击者的人比例是非常非常小的。

But mental health problems are a risk factor, he says, because they can decrease one's ability to cope with other stresses.

不过心理健康问题是一种风险因素，他说，因为它们会降低一个人处理好其他压力的能力。

And studies have shown that most school shooters have led particularly stressful lives.

研究也表明大部分校园枪击者都过着压力山大的人生。

Many, though not all, of the perpetrators have experienced childhood traumas such as physical or emotional abuse, and unstable families, with violent, absent or alcoholic parents or siblings, for example.

很多的犯罪分子，但不是全部，他们都经历过童年创伤，比如身体上或情感上的虐待，不稳定的家庭，暴力的，缺席的或者酗酒的父母或兄弟。

And most have experienced significant losses.

很多人还经历过重大的打击。

When someone has been struggling alone for a while and failing, their despair can turn into anger, the researchers say.

研究员称，如果一个人独自面对孤独和失败，他们的沮丧就可能会转变为愤怒。

"There's loss. There's humiliation. There's anger. There's blame," says Meloy.

“可能会有失去。可能会有羞辱。可能会有愤怒。可能会有责怪，”梅洛伊说道。

That sort of anger can lead to homicidal thoughts, Van Dreal says.

这种愤怒可能会引发自杀的想法，凡.德瑞尔说道。

They start out fantasizing about revenge, says Meloy.

他们就会开始幻想着报复，梅洛伊说道。

These days, Meloy adds, it's easy for a troubled kid to go online and research how previous shooters planned and executed their attacks.

这些年来，梅洛伊补充道，那些问题小孩很容易就上网去查到之前的枪击者是如何策划并执行他们的攻击的。

Easy access to guns — one of the biggest risk factors — then turns these fantasies into reality.

枪支的轻易获得—这是最大的一个风险因素—然后就会把这些幻想变为现实。

Psychologists say these attacks can be prevented — they are often weeks or months in the planning.

心理学家说这种袭击是可以阻止的——他们通常会花好几周甚至几月来策划。

The keys to prevention are to spot the earliest behavioral signs that a student is struggling, Langman says, and also to watch for signs that someone may be veering toward violence.

要阻止的关键就在于尽早识别出那些处于挣扎中的学生的早期特征，朗曼说，还应该注意那些可能朝暴力方向发展的人。

Connecting with these students, listening to them and supporting them, getting them the help they need, these researchers say, can help prevent future attacks and make schools a safer place for all children.

跟这些学生取得联系，倾听他们，支持他们，给他们所需的帮助，研究员们说，这样就可以帮助防止未来发生袭击让学校成为所有孩子的安全之所。

问题

校园枪击犯罪分子经历过哪些心理历程？

A.创伤  B.愤怒  C.幻想复仇  D.策划犯罪

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