供应链系列文章 之 杂谈Firm Planned Order

以下是一道CPIM考试问题:

All of the following are sources of demandwhich should be considered in production planning, EXCEPT:

A. Customerorder back log

B. Servicepart requirements

C. Firmplanned orders

D. Interplantdemands

为什么答案是C?

我的解释是:C:Firm Planned orders是对你供应商的 Demand,而不是自己企业的Demand。

本文解释一下我的观点,顺带介绍一下什么是order, 什么是planned order,以及什么是firm planned order。

首先介绍一下 Order,根据APICS DICTIONARY的定义 Order - Ageneral term that may refer to such diverse items as a purchase order, shoporder, customer order, planned order, or schedule.

Order是一个多含义的名词,可以包括客户订单,采购订单,生产订单,计划订单或者调度。客户订单是需求的来源,而shop order, Purchase order是下生产订单、采购订购单,是Sourceof Supply。换句话说Purchase order对上级供应商而言,就是customer order,也就是上级供应商的需求来源。

看一张MPR PG上的图

需求的来源包括需求预测与订单,这个订单指的是客户订单。

什么是PlannedOrder?

根据APICS DICTIONARY,Planned Order – A suggested order quantity, release date, and duedate created by the planning system’s logic when it encounters net requirementsin processing MRP, In some cases, it can also be created by a master schedulingmodule. Planned orders are created by the computer, exist only within thecomputer, and may be changed or deleted by the computer during subsequentprocessing if conditions change. Planned orders at one level will be explodedinto gross requirements for components at the next level. Planned orders, alongwith released orders, serve as input to capacity requirements planning to showthe total capacity requirements by work center in future time period.

这里计划订单的解释是MRP系统,根据逻辑计算出来的,订单订购数量,订单发布时间,以及期望交货时间。当条件变化时,计划订单可能会修改或被取消,计划订单可以形成下一个级别的需求。

详细逻辑建下图(图中的订单因为当前的阶段是0,而期望到货时间是阶段4,提前期是2,那么release是阶段2,那么这个订单就是Planned Order)。

图二

什么是Firm PlannedOrder?

根据APICS DICTIONARY,Firm Planned Order – A planned order that can be frozen in quantityand time. The computer is not allowed to change it automatically; this is theresponsibility of the planner in charge of the item that is being planned. Thistechnique can aid planners working with MRP systems to respond to material andcapacity problems by firming up selected planned orders. In addition, firmplanned orders are the normal method of stating the master production schedule.

Planned Order 的数量可以修改,甚至可以取消。在生产或者采购环节,通常需要对订单的生产预留产能,这个过程需要一定的时间,这就要求Planned order有一个锁定期,以保证预留产能,这样的订单就是Firm Planned order。

有些紧密合作的企业,签订了合作协议,下游的Firm Planned Order可以直接转换为Purchase order,即通过系统形成对供应商的订单。

还是以图二为例,假定Planned Order 锁定期是1个阶段,并且Planned order数量一直未变:

在阶段0,这个订单是 planned order。

在阶段1,这个订单是 Firm Planned order。

在阶段2,这个订单转变为Purchase order。

供应链管理的目的是提高客户满意度,降低供应链的成本。而降低供应链体系内的生产波动,可以有效降低成本。比如,第一周实际生产占产能的80%(产能利用率不足,产能浪费);第二周实际生产是产能的120%,这时必然有加班或者人力外包,需要付额外的成本。

而紧急订单是导致生产波动的主要原因。Firm Planned Order可以有效降低生产波动。

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