【口琴汇--搬运经典】长篇累牍 绝对经典~Chromatic Harmonica History--I

      本文摘自Mark Weber的经典博客,跟随我们的推送,您可以沿着时间线了解半音阶口琴的发展史

标题原文:

Chromatic Harmonica History

~Historic information on chromatic harmonicas

I am a collector of mainly historic chromatic harmonicas.
Now, what does it even mean “chromatic” harmonica.
There are several kinds of harmonicas. The main categories are diatonic,
tremolo, and chromatic harmonicas. Besides, there are also additional types
such as bass or chord harmonicas. I won’t go into any detail on those ones.

Diatonic, Tremolo and Chromatic Harmonica

One reason I got fascinated with chromatic harmonicas is that they allow you
to play chromatically (like the white and black keys on a keyboard). That way
you can play all sorts of music e.g. classical, jazz, blues, etc..
The chromatic harmonica distinguishes itself from other harmonicas
because it uses a slider to switch notes (similar to the keyboard switching
from white to black keys). Usually, the slider has a button attached to the right
side of the harmonica.*

Slide button

I have been collecting historic harmonicas for the last couple of years. During this time, I collected more than one hundred mostly chromatic harmonicas. Some of these harmonicas are very unique. They do have distinct shapes or colors. Some of them show special features or new inventions used for the chromatic slider or to improve the sound etc..

Below you can find a list of articles I wrote about the most impressive harmonicas in my collection as well as historical ones I don’t own (yet). These articles include pictures and as much information I was able to gather. The list is mostly chronological order, based on the release dates of the harmonicas.
I would really appreciate your feedback and additional information. At the bottom of each page you have an option to submit comments.

Update: by pure accident I got in contact with Joel Andersson, who actually very skillfully plays Irish music on a diatonic harmonica. Last year in November 2019, he went to the harmonica museum in Trossingen and was able to take a closer look at the harmonica treasures hidden away in a drawer. Those are mostly prototypes Hohner manufactured but never brought to market. He allowed me to use some of the vast amount of photos he was able to take during his visit. Some of those harmonicas will help me to add more info to some of the existing articles. I will also gradually add more articles about some of the “special” chromatic  harmonicas Joel was able to photograph.

Hidden drawer with harmonica
prototypes, courtesy Joel Andersson

Index in chronological order:
1)   Johan Richter double harmonica from (about 1875)
2)   First known Chromatic Harmonica (1896?)
3)   Hohner “Up To Date” chromatically tuned (1898)
4)   F.A. Rauner vertical slider chromatic harmonica (1902)
5)   “The Chromatic Harmonica” by Hohner (1910)
6)   F.A. Rauner World Master (1920)
7)   Double Chromatic Harmonicas (1920s)
8)   Enameled chromatic harmonicas (since 1920s)
9)   Böhm Blue Bird Improved Chromatic (1922)
10) Koch horn chromatic harmonica (1926)
11) Koch Chromatic (1927)
12) Böhm Chromatic with movable reedplate (1929)
13) Hohner Chromonica with internal spring (1930)
14) Thorens Chromatic with external spring (1930s)
15) Albert’s System Chromorgan (1936)
16) Bass Chromatic (Seydel) (late 1930s)
17) Magnus plastic chromatic harmonica (1948)
18) Hohner Chromonica De Luxe (1950)
19) Mancini Chromatics (1951)
20) Meteor Chromatic (1954)
21) Machino Tone Chromatic (1957)
22) Wolfe Linde Chromatics (since 1958)
23) Vermonia (1961)
24) Silver Concerto (1967)
25) Chordomonica I & II (1968)
26) Electronic harmonicas (since 1970s)
27) CBH 2012 & 2016 (1973)
28) Hohner Meisterklasse (1982)
29) High-end Chromatic Harmonicas (1990s)
30) Hohner CX 12 (1992)
31) Renaissance Chromatic (1997)
32) Suzuki SCT-128 tremolo chromatic (2004)
33) Seydel Saxony (2009)
34) Suzuki SSCH-56 chord chromatic (2013)
35) Tombo MU-01 and MU-01 PG (2015)
36) Hohner ACE-48 (2016)
37) AsiaBend (2016)
38) Tiane (Swan) Horn Chromatic
39) Suzuki S-48B Bass Chromatic (2019)
40) Seydel Symphony 48 (2019)
41) Kongsheng Lyra (2019)
42) Will’s Make Chromatic Harmonicas (2020)
43) Chromatic harmonica history – last words

Info: the image at the top shows the Hohner “C” chromatic harmonica limited
edition. It was issued in 2010 to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the
Hohner chromatic harmonica. Only 200 were produced. Mine is number 44.

*Note: there are many other kinds of “chromatic harmonicas” without a slider system as mentioned by John Broecker. Throughout this blog I will use the term “chromatic harmonica” exclusively to refer to chromatic harmonicas with a slider system.

Deepl翻译如下:

半音阶口琴的历史~半音阶口琴的历史信息。

我是一个收藏家,主要收藏历史悠久的半音阶口琴。

现在,到底什么叫 "半音阶 "口琴。

口琴有好几种。主要分为双音阶。

颤音,和半音阶谐波。此外,还有其他类型的

如低音或和弦谐波。这些我就不详细介绍了。

颤音口琴、颤音口琴和半音口琴。

我迷上半音阶谐振器的一个原因是,它们可以让你

来演奏半音(就像键盘上的白键和黑键)。这样一来

你可以演奏各种音乐,如古典音乐、爵士乐、蓝调等。

半音阶口琴与其他口琴的不同之处在于

因为它使用了一个滑块来切换音符(类似于键盘的切换)。

从白键到黑键)。) 通常情况下,滑块的右侧有一个按钮

口琴的一侧。

滑动按钮

在过去的几年里,我一直在收集历史悠久的口琴。在这段时间里,我收集了一百多个主要是半音阶的口琴。其中有些口琴是非常独特的,它们确实有独特的形状和颜色。它们确实有独特的形状或颜色。其中有些是半音阶滑块的特殊功能或新发明,或者是为了改善声音等等。

下面你可以找到我所写的关于我所收藏的最令人印象深刻的口琴的文章列表,以及那些我还没有拥有的历史性口琴。这些文章包括图片和我能够收集到的尽可能多的信息。列表主要是按照时间顺序,根据口琴的发行日期。

我非常感谢您的反馈和补充信息。在每个页面的底部,你可以选择提交评论。

更新:纯属意外,我与Joel Andersson取得了联系,他实际上非常熟练地用双音阶口琴演奏爱尔兰音乐。去年2019年11月,他去了位于特罗辛根的口琴博物馆,得以仔细观察藏在抽屉里的口琴珍品。那些大多是Hohner制造但从未推向市场的原型。他允许我使用他在访问期间能够拍摄到的大量照片中的一些。其中一些口琴将帮助我在现有的一些文章中添加更多的信息。我也会逐步增加一些关于Joel拍摄到的 "特殊 "半音阶口琴的文章。

隐藏在抽屉里的口琴

原型,由Joel Andersson提供。

按时间顺序索引。

1) Johan Richter双口琴(约1875年起)。

2) 最早的半音階口琴(1896年)

3) Hohner "Up To Date "半音阶口琴(1898年)。

4) F.A.Rauner垂直滑块半音阶口琴(1902)

5)"半音阶口琴",Hohner(1910)。

6)F.A.劳纳世界大师(1920年)。

7)   双半音阶口琴(20世纪20年代)

8)搪瓷半音阶谐振器(自20世纪20年代开始)。

9) Böhm 蓝鸟改进型半音阶(1922)

10)科赫号半音阶口琴(1926年

11) Koch Chromatic (1927)

12) Böhm半音阶,带可动簧片(1929)

13) Hohner Chromonica,带内部弹簧(1930年)。

14) Thorens Chromatic,带外置弹簧(1930s)。

15) 艾伯特的系统色谱仪(1936年)

16) 低音半音阶(Seydel)(20世纪30年代末)。

17) 马格纳斯塑料半音阶口琴(1948年)

18) Hohner Chromonica De Luxe (1950)

19) Mancini Chromatics(1951年)

20)《流星色》(1954年

21) Machino Tone Chromatic (1957)

22) Wolfe Linde Chromatics (自1958年起)

23) 佛蒙特州(1961年)

24)银色协奏曲(1967年

25) Chordomonica I和II(1968年)

26)电子谐振器(1970年代以来)

27) CBH 2012年和2016年(1973年)

28) Hohner Meisterklasse (1982)

29)高端半音阶谐振器(20世纪90年代)。

30) Hohner CX 12 (1992)

31) 文艺复兴半音阶(1997年)

32) 铃木SCT-128颤音半音阶(2004)

33) Seydel Saxony(2009年)

34)铃木SSCH-56和弦半音(2013年)。

35)通宝MU-01和MU-01 PG(2015年)。

36)Hohner ACE-48(2016年)。

37) 亚洲弯(2016)

38)天鹅号半音阶型

39)铃木S-48B低音半音阶(2019)

40)赛德尔交响曲48(2019年

41)康盛莱拉(2019年)。

42)Will's Make Chromatic Harmonicas(2020年)。

43) 半音阶口琴历史--遗言

信息:上图为Hohner "C "型半音阶口琴限量款

版。该书于2010年发行,是为了纪念《中国共产党宣言》发表100周年。

Hohner半音阶口琴。只生产了200个。我的是44号。

*注:正如John Broecker所提到的,还有很多其他种类的 "半音阶口琴 "没有滑块系统。在这篇博客中,我只用 "半音阶口琴 "来指代带滑块的半音阶口琴。

按时间顺序,今天推送第一个内容:

1)   Johan Richter double harmonica from (about 1875)

Johan Richter double harmonica, from my collection

This Johan Richter harmonica is one of my oldest and most valuable harmonicas. It is not per se a chromatic harmonica as I will explain below.

I was very fortunate to acquire a double harmonica by Johan Richter from about 1875. The first time I saw a similar instrument was on a German television show where somebody presented a complete set of two single and a double harmonica:

A set of 3 Johan Richter harmonicas shown in a German TV show

I can narrow down the date of the harmonica to around 1875 based on the ribbon that is attached to the top of the accompanying quiver.
It says Gebrüder Hug (Hug brothers). Hug was/is the biggest music store in Switzerland until today. The ribbon lists all store locations at that time. The latest store branch to open was in Lucerne (Luzern) in 1874-75.

Ribbon on the accompanying quiver

This double harmonica comes with a pair of top and bottom covers, which can either block the top or the button reeds, depending on pushing one of the lower covers towards the reed plate.
This interaction automatically lifts the top cover up and blocks the lower one. By releasing the lower covers the opposite occurs.

Cover lifted up to show the reeds below
Opposite cover attached to a spring

Demo Johan Richter harmonica

Video demo of Johan Richter movable covers, courtesy Joel Andersson

In theory, it would have been possible to use that exact mechanism to play chromatically similar to today’s chromatic harmonicas. But instead of pushing a slide button, one could just push or release one of the lower covers.
Besides, I was assuming that Johan Richter knew about the Joseph Richter Tuning. Based on his name it is likely that he is a relative or even Joseph Richter’s son. Unfortunately, I was not able to verify that assumption.

After some examination of all reeds and tuning, I got somehow confused.
The tuning is definitely not even remotely chromatic and not very coherent. It is possible some of the reeds are out of tune, but I think I could in most cases detect that.

Below, you can find two tables. The first one lists all the notes of the left-sided harmonica; the second one of the right-sided harmonica. Maybe one of you has a theory why Johan Richter chose this tuning:

BN UR = blow notes upper reed plate
BN LR = blow notes lower reed plate

DN UR = draw notes upper reed plate
DN LR = draw notes lower reed plate

Left-sided harmonica
Right-sided harmonica

I took this description of a similar Johan Richter harmonica from the harmonica museum in Trossingen. It talks about the harmonica maker Johan Richter and his possible link to Johan Richter (inventor of the 10 hole Richter tuning), the functionality of the harmonica (see description above) and mentioned that the accompanying quiver has the names of the scales A flat, F, D flat and G flat written on it.

In the meanwhile I was in contact with some other collectors. Some of them sent additional pictures of similar harmonicas:

Franz Sandner harmonica (date unknown, courtesy of Rick Nielsen)
The text on the photo states: approx. 1850 in Weiterglashütte (courtesy Isabella Krapf)

Weiterglashütte is in Eibenstock, Germany about 50 km distance to Klingenthal. Klingenthal is one of the major locations for harmonica manufacturing in Germany.
What is interesting about this harmonica is the fact that the reeds were actually attached by rivets. Most harmonicas at that time had the reeds soldered to the reed plates

The harmonica in the photo below is based on a similar concept. It is a prototype from the old Hohner museum and shown in a video produced by the Norwegian television (starts at about 6:42). By pushing the left button down, the top cover gets pushed onto the top reed plate simultaneously lifting the bottom cover (same principle as described above).

Johan Richter Harmonica from the old Hohner museum in Trossingen
Johan Richter Harmonica (same harmonica in color) form today’s harmonica museum in Trossingen
译文如下:

Johan Richter 双口琴,来自我的收藏。

这把Johan Richter口琴是我最古老和最有价值的口琴之一。它本身并不是一个半音阶口琴,我将在下面解释。

我非常幸运地获得了一把Johan Richter的双口琴,大约是1875年的。我第一次看到类似的乐器是在一个德国电视节目中,有人介绍了一套完整的两支单口琴和一支双口琴。

德国电视节目中展示的一套三支约翰-里希特口琴。

我可以根据附送的琴筒顶部的丝带,将口琴的年代缩小到1875年左右。

上面写着Gebrüder Hug(Hug兄弟)。Hug曾经是/现在是瑞士最大的音乐商店,直到今天。缎带上列出了当时所有的分店位置。最近的一家分店于1874-75年在卢塞恩(Luzern)开设。

绶带在随行的琴筒上

这款双口琴配有一对上下盖,根据将其中一个下盖推向簧片,可以挡住上盖或钮扣簧片。

这种交互作用会自动抬起上盖,并挡住下盖。松开下盖,则会发生相反的情况。

上盖被掀起,露出下面的簧片。

对面的盖子与弹簧相连

Johan Richter活动封面视频演示,由Joel Andersson提供。

理论上,本来可以用这种机制来演奏类似于今天的半音阶口琴。但不是按滑动按钮,而是只需按下或放开其中一个下盖。

另外,我假设Johan Richter知道Joseph Richter Tuning。根据他的名字,他很可能是亲戚,甚至是Joseph Richter的儿子。遗憾的是,我没能验证这个假设。

在对所有的簧片和调音进行了一番检查后,我不知怎么搞的。

调音绝对不是半音,也不是很连贯。有可能是一些哨片失调了,但我想在大多数情况下我都能检测出来。

下面,你可以找到两个表格。第一张列出了左侧口琴的所有音符;第二张列出了右侧口琴的音符。也许你们中有人有理论,为什么Johan Richter会选择这种调式。

BN UR = 吹奏音符上簧片

BN LR = 吹奏音符下簧片

DN UR = 抽音符上簧片

DN LR = 牵引音符下簧片

左边口琴

右旋口琴

我从特罗辛根的口琴博物馆里找到了这把类似的Johan Richter口琴的描述。它谈到了口琴的制作者Johan Richter和他与Johan Richter(10孔Richter调音的发明者)的可能联系,口琴的功能(见上面的描述),并提到随琴琴架上写有A调、F调、D调和G调的音阶名称。

与此同时,我还与其他一些收藏家取得了联系。他们中的一些人又寄来了类似口琴的图片。

弗朗茨-桑德纳口琴(日期不详,里克-尼尔森提供)。

照片上的文字说明:约1850年在Weiterglashütte(Isabella Krapf提供)。

Weiterglashütte位于德国Eibenstock,距离Klingenthal约50公里。克林根塔尔是德国口琴制造的主要地点之一。

这款口琴有趣的地方在于,它的簧片居然是用铆钉连接的。当时大多数口琴的簧片都是焊接在簧片上的。

下图中的口琴也是基于类似的概念。它是Hohner老博物馆的原型,在挪威电视台制作的一段视频中展示了它(约6:42开始)。按下左键,上盖就会被推到簧片上,同时抬起下盖(原理与上述相同)。

来自特罗辛根Hohner博物馆的Johan Richter口琴。

约翰-里希特口琴(颜色相同的口琴)形成今天的口琴博物馆在特罗辛根。

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