在英语中除了被省略主语的祈使句可以没有主语之外,任何一种类型的句子都必须有主语和谓语,但是有些句子没有主语,于是就有了形式主语 it 和 there 来作句子的主语,此时它们只是语法上的作用,这应该就是它们称号“形式主语”的来由。 一、it 作“空”主语It 作”空“主语,指的是句子的真正主语不在句中,也就是 it 不指代任何东西,它只是起语法上主语的作用,而且句子不能转换成其他句子。1. 表示天气及类似的情况,例如:It is bright and sunny.天气晴朗。It’s getting dark, and we should go home.天快黑了,我们该回家了。2. 表示时间或日期,例如:It is 3 a.m., and I’m wide awake.现在是凌晨3点,我完全醒着。It’s the third of December today.今天是十二月三日。It was too late to start.现在开始太晚了。解析:这句的主语也是“空”的,句中的不定式 to start 作结果状语,而不是句中的真正主语。3. 表示距离,例如:It's three miles to Lucy's house.到露西家有三英里。4. 用来称呼打电话的人、看不见的人或指明是某人,例如:Hello! It's me!喂!是我!It's the postman at the door.是门口的邮递员。Who's that woman over there? It's Elizabeth, the new boss.那边那个女人是谁?是伊丽莎白,新老板。5. 用于强调句,例如:It was John who cleaned the flat.是约翰打扫了公寓。It was ten years ago that I studied Japanese.我是十年前学日语的。6. 用于作结构“It seem/appear/happen/turn out + 表语从句”的主语,这种句型描述某种状态,例如:It seemed that he didn’t know the place.他好像不知道那个地方。It appears that there has been a mistake.看来有一个差错。It happened that she was out when we called.我们打电话时她刚巧不在家。7. 用于作表语是名词短语“a + adj + time”的句子的主语 ,这种句型表示是什么时候做某事,例如:It was high time to take their departure.是时候离开了。解析:此句中的 to take their departure 也不是句中的真正主语,而是作定语修饰 time.8. 作形式主语的 it 要和作真实主语的 it 区分开来,例如: It is three hundred years old.它有三百年的历史。解析:这句的 it 指代有三百年历史的某个东西,是真实的指代某个东西主语。二、there 作形式主语There 作形式主语,表存在,就是常见的”there be“句型,其中 be 动词可以用任何时态,例如:There's a coffee shop next to the station.车站旁边有一家咖啡店。There is no way Poco can win this match.波科不可能赢这场比赛。There was a boy in the car.车里有个男孩。There's been an accident.出了事故。三、it 作“真”主语 It 作“真”主语,指的是当一个句子很长时,用 it 来作句子的主语,它指代真正的主语,而真正的主语在句子的其他地方,通常是不定式、动名词或名词性从句,此时句子可以转换成不用形式主语 it 的句子,例如:1. 不定式作主语 It is important to know when to give up .知道什么时候放弃很重要 .解析:这句的真正主语是 to know when to give up,因此可以改写为 To know when to give up is important,改写后的句子虽然行得通,但是给人头重脚轻的感觉,而且句子的结构也比较混乱。It takes two hours to get to London.到伦敦要两个小时。2. 动名词作主语It's lovely having time to relax.有时间放松真是太好了。解析:这句的真正主语是 having time to relax,因此可以改写为 Having time to relax is lovely,改写后的句子同样有头重脚轻的感觉。It was no good coming there again.再到那里来也没有好处。It is useless doing that.那样做没用。3. 名词从句作主语It’s wonderful that you found each other .你们找到了彼此 ,真是太好了。解析:这句的真正主语是 that you found each other,因此可以改写为 That you found each other is wonderful,同样给人头重脚轻的感觉。It seems inevitable that she will discover the truth . 她会发现真相的似乎是不可避免的。解析:这句的真正主语是 that she will discover the truth ,因此可以改写为 That she will discover the truth seems inevitable,同样给人头重脚轻的感觉。It disturbs her that he was acquitted.他被无罪释放使她不安。解析:这句的真正主语是 that he was acquitted ,因此可以改写为 That he was acquitted disturbs her,同样给人头重脚轻的感觉。四、使用形式主语的情况有时若不使用形式主语 it 或 there 作主语,可能听起来很奇怪或不符合常规的表达方式,而且有时无缘无故地强调了主语,甚至会出现句子的可读性很差的现象,伴随着头重脚轻的感觉,例如:剩下一些蛋糕。There is some cake left. (常用)Some cake is left. (不常用)拐角处有一家超市。There is a supermarket around the corner. (常用)A supermarket is around the corner. (不常用)解析:在回答类似于”What is around the corner?“这样的问题时,相比于用整个句子 A supermarket is around the corner,只用 a supermarket 来回答显得简洁。在一段关系中,诚实相待是很重要的。It is important to be honest with each other in a relationship. (常用)To be honest with each other in a relationship is important. (不常用)解析:第二句有很明显的头重脚轻的感觉。