本文选自《经济学人》10月17日刊文章。今年诺贝尔经济学奖颁给了拍卖理论的最新研究和在实践中的应用。目前存在4种拍卖方式,即英式拍卖、荷式拍卖,第一价格拍卖、第二价格拍卖,4种拍卖方式都是价高者得。英式拍卖是最常见的拍卖方式,价格由低到高竞拍,在竞拍过程中容易形成过度竞争,从而难逃“赢家诅咒”,即赢家付出的价格往往高于竞拍品的实际价值。荷式拍卖发源于荷兰,是价格由高到低竞拍,这种方式最早用于郁金香和鱼类产品的竞拍,可以迅速完成交易,而且竞拍者出价往往比较保守。第一价格拍卖和第二价格拍卖都属于秘密拍卖,分别是获胜者以最高价、或是第二高价购买竞拍品。今年的诺贝尔经济学奖的工作是发展了竞拍理论,并成功的将该理论用于美国通讯频谱的竞拍。政府会将同一通讯频率在不同地区、同一地区又有不同频率进行拍卖,根据他们的竞拍理论,政府会要求竞拍者对自己想要竞拍的地区的想要竞拍的频率进行报价,每一轮报价后,会公布单个频率在单个地区的最高报价,竞拍者根据公布的信息做出竞拍调整,这样既保证了公共利益,又避免了“赢家诅咒”。1994年首次使用该理论时,就为美国政府赚得了6.17亿美元。
选文精讲
The Nobel prize in economics rewards advances in auction theory
For the third time since 2007, it goes to designers of market mechanisms这是自2007年以来第三次(诺奖授予)市场机制的设计者Mr Wilson began analysing such cases in the 1960s. He first tackled scenarios where the item for sale has a “common value”—a value that is uncertain beforehand but, in the end, is the same for everyone. An example might be a plot of land with oil beneath it, where participants may have different estimations of its value, perhaps because each has varying estimates of the quantity of oil. In such cases, the winner often discovers that the information others had about the common value led them to make lower bids. This may mean that the winner overestimated the worth of the item and paid too much, a phenomenon known as the winner’s curse.威尔逊在20世纪60年代开始分析这类案件。他首先处理的是待售物品具有“共同价值”的情况——这个价值事先是不确定的,但最终对每个人来说都是一样的。举个例子,一块地下埋藏着石油的土地,参与者可能对其价值有不同的估计,这可能是因为每个人对地下石油储量有不同的估计。在这种情况下,中标者通常会发现,(如果他们知道)其他人拥有的关于共同价值的信息,他们的出价会更低。这可能意味着中标者高估了物品的价值,并支付了过多的钱,这种现象被称为“赢家诅咒”。Mr Wilson’s work in this vein laid the groundwork for the analysis of yet more complex scenarios, which take both bidders’ unique private valuations and estimates of an item’s common value into consideration. The value of an oilfield, for instance, might depend on both the quantity of oil in the ground and how cheaply each bidder can extract it. Mr Milgrom (whose doctoral thesis was supervised by Mr Wilson) derived a number of important lessons from his analyses. Auction structures that elicit more private information from bidders—such as English auctions, where every participant observes who bids what and who drops out—reduce the winner’s curse problem compared with formats where very little private information is divulged. In some cases, it may be in the seller’s interest to provide bidders with more information about the item under the hammer.
- lay the groundwork for sth: 为...奠定基础
威尔逊在这方面的工作为分析更复杂的情况奠定了基础,这些复杂情况既考虑了竞标者的独立私人估价,也考虑了竞拍品共同价值的估计。例如,一个油田的价值可能既取决于地下石油的储量,也取决于每个投标者能以多低的价格开采它。米尔格罗姆(他的博士论文是由威尔逊指导的)从他的分析中得到了许多重要的结论。从投标者那里探出更多私人信息的拍卖结构——比如每个参与者都能观察到谁竞拍了什么、谁退出了的英式拍卖——与很少泄露私人信息的拍卖形式相比,这种竞拍形式减少了赢家诅咒问题。在某些情况下,向竞拍者提供更多有关拍卖品的信息可能符合卖家的利益。