must 和 have to 两者都表示“必须”,但 must 侧重于说话者的主观看法,认为有必要或有义务去做某事;have to 则重于客观需要,含有“不得不”或 “被迫”之意。
一、在做此类题目时,可以按以下顺序的判断规则来选择正确的用词。
1、通过句中是否有其他情态动词或者来决定用 must 还是 have to,若句中有情态动词如 will 或 may 等,则就用 have to.
2、若句中没有情态动词,则就判断是否要用否定形式,因为它们的否定形式意义完全不一样,must 的否定式 mustn’t 意为“一定不要”、“不允许”;而 have to 的否定式 don’t have to 意为“不必,没必要”。
3、为了避免模棱两可,must 通常只用于谈论现在或将来,因此在谈论过去发生的事情时通常用 had to 或 had had to.
4、最后根据句意判断是说话者的主观看法或推测,还是客观需求;主观“义务”通常用 must,关乎规定、法律和他人愿望等客观的需求通常用 have (got) to.
二、用 must 或 have to 及其过去式或它们的否定式来完成下面的句子,个别可能有多个答案1. Yesterday, I _____ cram[kræm] all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.2. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.Barbara: She _____ still be sitting there waiting for us.3. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She _____ worry at all about the increasing cost of education.4. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One _____ eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One _____ rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One _____ ask to be excused."5. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book _____ be wrong!
昨天,我为了法语期末考试不得不苦读了一整天。直到午夜过后我才睡着。解析:从 yesterday 可以看出,此句的动作是发生在过去;从句意上很难判断是用 must 还是 had to,但是在过去时态中,为了避免模棱两可,通常不用 must,而用 had to;通常 must 用于谈论现在及将来。解析:珍妮在不在机场只能靠猜测,是主观的看法,所以用 must.英格丽德获得了耶鲁大学的奖学金,将支付100%的学费。她一点也不必担心教育费用的增加。解析:根据句意判断,英格丽德没必要担心教育费用,因此用否定的 doesn't have to 或 mustn't;mustn't 的否定形式的意思是表禁止,跟句意不符合,所以用 doesn't have to.4. mustn't, mustn't, must当我还是个孩子的时候,我祖母一直在纠正我们的举止。她总是说:“一个人不能张嘴吃饭。”或者,她会纠正我们说:“一个人不能把胳膊肘搁在桌子上。”每次我想离开桌子,她都会说:“一个人必须请求原谅。”a. 咀嚼食物不张嘴、不能把胳膊肘搁在桌子上或征得同意离开都是礼貌行为,是一种约定俗成的行为规范,所以用 mustn't 和 must.b. 反过来理解,若用 doesn't have to,意思就变成:一个人不必张嘴吃饭,很明显这个不符合常理。这道数学题我至少重做了二十遍,但根据答案,我的答案是错的。书中的答案一定是错的!a. 书中的答案是否正确只是说话者主观的猜测,所以用 must.b. 反过来理解,若用 have to,意思就变成:书中的答案不得不错,很明显这个描述不得体。
词或词组辨析
1. cram
a. 把…塞进;挤满;塞满,常用搭配 cram (sth) into/onto sth | cram (sth) inHe crammed eight people into his car.We all managed to cram into his car.b. cram (for sth)(为应考)临时死记硬背