初中语法丨一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时,结构才是考试重点!
一般现在时
一般现在时有三种形式
1.谓语是be(am/is/are)的一般现在时。
①肯定形式:主语+be+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)。
I am hungry.
You are beautiful.
He is a doctor.
②否定形式:主语+be+not+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)。
I am not hungry.
You aren't beautiful.
He isn't a doctor.
③一般疑问句形式:Be+主语+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+be. 否定回答:No, 主语+ be+not.
—Are you hungry?
—Yes,I am./No,I'm not.
—Is he a doctor?
—Yes, he is./No, he isn,t.
④特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+Be开头的一般疑问句?
—What is he?
—He is a doctor.
注意:be要随着主语变。
2.谓语动词是实义动词(及物动词或不及物动词)的一般现在时。
①肯定形式:“主语+及物动词+宾语”或“主语+不及物动词”。
She has a little brother.
她有一个弟弟。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。
②否定形式:“主语+don't/doesn't+及物动词+宾语”或“主语+don't/doesn't+不及物动词”。
She doesn't have a little brother.
她没有弟弟。
I don't eat every morning.
我每天早晨都不吃饭。
③一般疑问句形式:“Do/Does+主语+及物动词原形+宾语”或“Do/Does+主语+不及物动词原形”。
肯定回答:Yes,主语+do/does. 否定回答是:No, 主语+ don't/doesn't.
—Do you eat every morning?
—Yes, I do./No, I don't.
—Does she have a little brother?
—Yes, she does./No, she doesn't.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+do/does开头的一般疑问句?
What do you like?
When do you go to school?
注意:根据主语确定用do还是does。
3.谓语是情态动词can/may...+动词原形的一般现在时。
①肯定形式:主语+情态动词can/may.....+动词原形+宾语。
I can finish my homework.
②否定形式:主语+情态动词can/may.....+not+动词原形+宾语。
I can't finish my homework.
③一般疑问句形式:情态动词Can/May.....+主语+动词原形+主语+宾语。
肯定回答是:Yes,主语+情态动词. 否定回答是:No, 主语+ 情态动词+not.
—Can you finish your homework?
—Yes,I can./No, I can't.
④特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+情态动词can/may.....开头的一般疑问句?
—What can you do?
—I can do my homework.
注意:情态动词can/may.....+动词原形。
一般现在时的用法
1.一般现在时表示现在的状态;表示经常性或习惯性的动作;表示主语具备的性格和能力;表示客观事实或普遍真理等。例如:
He is twelve.
他十二岁了。
I go to school at seven every day.
我每天七点去上学。
They can speak Japanese.
他们会说日语。
2.一般现在时常和表示时间的频度副词连用。如:often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。例如:
I often read books in the evening.
我经常在晚上读书。
Do they usually go to school by bike?
他们通常骑自行车去上学吗?
He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.
他不喜欢牛奶。他从来不喝它。
Sometimes my mother gets back at five.
有时候妈妈五点钟回来。
3.一般现在时也常和以下时间表达法连用。如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night, every day, on Sunday(s), at seven 等。例如:
Do they have math in the morning?
他们早上有数学课吗?
She sleeps nine hours every night.
她每晚睡九个小时。
It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.
每天写作业花费我两个小时的时间。
They don’t have classes on Sundays.
他们周日不上课。
4.一般现在时表示将来含义
a.下列瞬时动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
----When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开?
----It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。
b.在主从复合句中,当主句是一般将来时,时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作,即所谓的 “主将从现”。
例如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
动词第三人称单数的构成
1.动词原形后面直接加-s
look—looks
read—reads
play—plays
stop—stops
2.在以字母s, x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词后加-es
miss—misses
fix—fixes
watch—watches
wash—washes
go—goes
do—does
3.辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-es
carry–carries
study–studies
hurry–hurries
cry–cries
4. 特殊变化
have-has
be-is
一般过去时
一般过去时的基本结构
1.肯定句形式:主语+动词过去式+其他
I was an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我是一名英语老师。
I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我买了一条黄裙子。
2.否定句形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
I wasn't an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我不是一名英语老师。
I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我没买一条黄裙子。
3.一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首;②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?
Were you an English teacher one year ago? 一年前你是一名英语老师吗?
Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午你买了一条黄裙子吗?
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What were you one year ago? 一年前你是做什么的?
When did you buy a yellow dress? 你什么时候买了一条黄裙子?
一般过去时的基本用法
1.表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态(与现在无关) 。
常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。
He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?
2.在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。
We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。
注:表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。
He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。
Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。
3.表示主语过去的特征或性格。
At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。
4.一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。
I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。
5.有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。
I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。
6.【注意】
(1)表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。
He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared.
他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。
(2)注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不……”。
——Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。
动词过去式的变化规则
1.规则变化
①一般情况下,直接加ed
work—— worked
look——looked
walk——walked
②以e结尾的单词,直接加d
live ——lived
hope——hoped
use——used
③以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed
study——studied
carry——carried
④以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed
enjoy ——enjoyed
play——played
⑤以重读、一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节结尾的动词,双写最后的辅音字母+ed
stop—— stopped
plan——planned
prefer——preferred
2.不规则变化
初中英语不规则动词归类记忆表,初中三年都可用,建议收藏!
一般将来时
一般将来时的含义
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态,或将来经常发生的动作或状态。
一般将来时的基本结构
1.will/shall+动词原形
will 在陈述句中用于各种人称;shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
否定式:will not=won't;shall not=shan't
一般疑问式:will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他?
特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?
I will/shall do a better job next time. 下次我要做得好些。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。
—Will he help you with your English tonight? 今天晚上他会帮助你学习英语吗?
—Yes, he will./No, he won't. 是的,他会。/不,他不会。
—When will you arrive for America? 你什么时候去美国?
—Tomorrow. 明天。
2.am/is/are going to +动词原形
否定式:am/is/are not going to +动词原形
一般疑问式:am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他?
特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?
He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。
Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集数据吗?
What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算作什么?
一般将来时的用法
will+动词原形与am/is/are going to +动词原形的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况,一般情况下能互换。但它们的用法是有区别的。
1.will主要用于在以下三个方面:
(1)表示主观意愿的将来。
They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.
明天他们将去厂参观工厂。
I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling.
我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。
(2)表示不以人的意志为转移的客观的将来。
Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
今天是星期六。明天是(将)是星期日。
He will be thirty years old this time next year.
明年这个时候他就(将)三十岁。
(3)表示临时决定,通常用于对话中。
—Mary has been ill for a week.
玛丽病了一周了。
—Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.
噢,我不知道。我去看看她。
2.be going to主要用于一下两个方面:
(1)表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做某事。
Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.
今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。
(2)表示根据目前某种迹象判断,某事非常有可能发生,表示推测。
Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧!乌云密集。天要下雨了。
用其他时态表示将来含义的情况
1.用现在进行时表示将来。
瞬时动词和持续动词都可以用其现在进行时表达将来的含义,主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。(瞬时动词的进行时任何时候都表示将来的含义,持续动词的进行时只有在含有将来的时间状语或将来语境的条件下才表示将来)
The bus is coming. 公交车就要来了。
The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。
We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
2.用一般现在时表示将来。
(1)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬时位移动词的一般现在时可以表示将来含义,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
(2)在时间或条件状语从句中。(主将从现)
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a party in the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就在公园举行一个聚会。
There be结构的一般将来时
肯定式:There will be;There is/are going to be
否定式:There won't be;There is/are not going to be
一般疑问式:Will there be...;Is/are there going to be...
特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式
There will be a basketball match this afternoon.
=There is going to be a basketball match this afternoon.
今天下午会有一场篮球赛。
There won't be a basketball match this afternoon.
=There isn't going to be a basketball match this afternoon.
今天下午没有篮球赛。
Will there be a basketball match this afternoon?
=Is there going to be a basketball match this afternoon?
今天下午有篮球赛吗?
When will there be a basketball match?
=When is there going to be a basketball match?
什么时候有一场篮球赛?