颠覆认知:断奶至配种间隔过度饲喂对繁殖性能有益吗?
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断奶至发情间隔 (WEI) 定义为母猪断奶后第一天至配种之间的天数。这是确保猪群生产力并保持每头母猪每年产仔数高的关键时间点。农场的平均 WEI 为 4至 5 天,大多数母猪在断奶后 7 天内发情配种。
由于哺乳期间仔猪的高营养需求而导致母猪体况体重下降,当母猪日粮中营养不能满足时,往往会通过动员身体储备来满足这一要求。如果体况偏瘦则会延迟发情,影响终身繁殖性能,导致非生产天数增加。
断奶母猪的膘情至关重要,确保最佳的后续繁殖性能。许多养猪场在断奶后给予短期优饲,以恢复膘情。过量饲喂是一种常见的做法。在WEI期间母猪营养的文献很少;然而,最近的几项研究表明,在断奶后初期,过度饲喂母猪几乎没有经济效益。
研究表明在断奶到间隔期间过度饲喂没有任何好处。Kelsey L. Hammers, Lee J. Johnston, and Pedro E. Urriola, University of Minnesota
20世纪80 年代,研究人员假设增加断奶后母猪的饲料量来减少非生产天数,目的是提高随后的窝产仔数和繁殖力。对后备母猪而言:该假设得到了两项研究的支持。1)饲喂 8.0 磅/天的后备的与饲喂4.0磅/天(表 1)的后备相比 WEI 长度缩短,2)分娩率提高。对经产母猪而言:与 3.3 磅相比(其他研究人员报告称),饲喂 8.8 磅/天的第后备母猪的排卵率和窝产仔数增加。断奶后增加饲料量至10磅/天,对经产母猪没有繁殖益处。这些早期研究表明,过渡饲喂后备母猪和因为哺乳期体况不佳的母猪可能会对缩短 WEI 和提高繁殖性能有益处。
直到现在,关于在 WEI 时饲养高产的现代母猪的研究还很有限。在四个大规模试验中,母猪饲喂6.0至6.6磅/天饲料与喂食8.3至12.0磅/天饲料相比,无论断奶时的体况如何,在繁殖性能参数或WEI方面未观察到任何差异。虽然这些研究中的大多数都表明在WEI期间过渡饲喂没有任何益处,但一组研究人员确实观察到饲喂8.3磅/天的母猪与喂食6.0磅/天的母猪相比,分娩率从88.3%增加到93.3%。母猪可能需要特定的营养,而不是“简单地增加饲料”。因此,研究人员研究了在断奶后饲喂中添加单糖(如葡萄糖和右旋糖)的益处,为母猪提供富含碳水化合物的饲料,这可能促进卵泡发育和由胰岛素和胰岛素生长因子分泌诱导的卵泡质量。然而,这些干预措施也没有导致随后的生殖性能的差异。这一时期的采食量可能受到胎次、断奶应激、发情表现和体况的限制。由于大多数母猪不会消耗大量饲料,因此在WEI期间提供的额外饲料会增加饲料浪费。
综断奶后对后备母猪的过渡饲喂有助于补充身体的营养储备。对经产母猪繁殖性能的改善微乎其微。对生产者而言没有经济效益。这一时期的采食量可能受到胎次、断奶应激、发情表现和体况的限制。由于大多数母猪不会消耗大量饲料,因此在WEI期间提供的额外饲料会增加饲料浪费,从而阻止高水平的营养摄入。因此,母猪每天可喂6磅/天的玉米-豆粕型饲粮,以确保最佳的后续繁殖性能。
未来在维持母猪繁殖性能的同时,是否可以实施较低的饲喂水平以降低饲料成本,在WEI期间额外饲喂或特定营养素提高母猪性能。生产者除了考虑断奶至发情间隔的饲喂,还应关注以前生产阶段的饲喂。最佳繁殖性能要求在哺乳期有足够的饲喂和最大的采食量,因为下一个周期的卵泡发育发生在哺乳后期。
Source: Kelsey L. Hammers, Lee J. Johnston, and Pedro E. Urriola, University of Minnesota, who are solely responsible for the information provided, and wholly own the information. Informa Business Media and all its subsidiaries are not responsible for any of the content contained in this information asset.
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