Noel C. White:​矿床模型在勘探的作用(将要找的矿变成地质目标)

The Role of Models in Exploration 

矿床模型在勘探的作用

Noel C. White

The Role of Models in Exploration

矿床模型在勘探的作用

Ore Deposit Models are important in exploration矿床模型在勘探过程中是很重要的

◆  They allow us to convert commodities to geology它们能让我们将要找的矿种变成地质目标

»e.g., change “looking for gold” to “looking for an epithermal gold deposit”比如:把“找金”变为找“浅成低温型金矿”

◆  They allow us to select favorable geology to maximize chances of success它们能让我们找到最合适的地质背景从而尽可能提高成功的机会

»Because we know the geological setting and localizing controls on ore因为我们知道地质背景和控矿因素

◆  They help us to design effective exploration strategies using the most suitable techniques它们帮助我们设计最合适的找矿策略,选择最有效的勘探技术

»Because we know the character of the ore and host rocks因为我们知道矿石和围岩的特点

An Example – Exploring for VMS Deposits

一个实例-VMS矿床勘探

Volcanic massive sulfide deposits are a good example of how we use models in exploration VMS矿床是一类很好的例子,可说明我们怎样在勘探过程中运用模型

–      Model is well-developed 模型逐步完善

–         Examples are widespread  例子广泛分布

–         Exploration uses diverse techniques 勘探应用多种技术

–        HOW  you use the techniques can make the difference between success and failure如何使用技术决定了勘探的成败

Zn-Pb ore, Rosebery Mine, Tasmania

 Exploring for VMS Deposits  VMS矿床勘探

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL 描述性模型

Tells us what to look for 告诉我们寻找什么

Not where to look 但不能确定到哪里去找

Helpful when you have a prospect to explore 当你在勘探区这一尺度勘探时才有帮助

GENETIC MODEL成因性的模型

Tells us how the deposit got there, not where to find it

告诉我们矿床如何形成,但不能告诉我们在哪里能找到这类矿床

Noranda District Distribution model

加拿大Noranda地区分布模型

THE IMPORTANT FEATURES: 重要的特征:

1. Volcanic host rocks  火山围岩

2. Diverse lithologies 复杂多变的岩层

3. One main ore horizon 一个水平主矿体

Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探

MUST HAVE  必须具备:

· Volcanic host sequence: calc-alkaline or tholeiitic 火山围岩层序:钙碱性或拉斑玄武岩

· Submarine setting (deep water best) 海相环境(最好是深水)

WANT TO FIND 需要找到:

Favorable horizon to focus exploration 有利的层位进行勘探

· Known deposits (local) 已知矿床(小尺度)

· Exhalites (extensive) 喷气岩(大范围)

· Footwall alteration (local to extensive) 下盘蚀变(小到大范围)

 FOCUS EXPLORATION ON PARTS WITH 将勘探重心放在:

· Favorable geochemistry 地球化学有利的地方

· Intense footwall alteration 强烈的下盘蚀变

· Evidence for sulfides (e.g.,gossans) 硫化物存在的证据(如铁帽)

Exploring for VMS Deposits  VMS矿床勘探

HOW DO WE EXPLORE?  如何勘探

1. GEOLOGY  地质

· Map exhalite distribution, facies and thickness 填图确定喷出岩的分布、岩相及其厚度

· Map alteration mineralogy, intensity and zoning蚀变填图,包括矿物学、强度和分带性

· Map sulfide distribution (look for gossans)填图查明硫化物的分布(寻找铁帽)

2. GEOCHEMISTRY  地球化学

· Metal zoning (local Cu, Au, Pb, more widespread Zn)

金属分带(局部Cu、Au,Pb和分布较广的Zn)

 3. GEOPHYSICS  地球物理

· Magnetics (local strong highs, extensive footwall lows)

磁性(局部较高的高异常、大范围的下盘低异常)

· Electromagnetics (find conductive massive sulfides) 电磁性(帮助寻找高导性块状硫化物)

· Induced polarization (find disseminated sulfides)   激发极化(针对浸染状硫化物)

· Radiometrics (K-depleted footwall alteration, local highs)

放射性测量(下盘蚀变有K亏损,局部高异常)

Exploring for VMS Deposits  VMS矿床勘探

· INTEGRATE all data into a model (do not force it!)综合各类数据成一个模型(不要牵强)

· PREDICT where ore should occur using your model用你的模型预测矿体应该出现的位置

·  TEST your predictions (drill!) 验证预测(钻探!)

·  REVISE the model based on results 根据验证结果修正模型

·   TEST AGAIN  再验证

VMS ore, Sunny Corner, NSW, Australia

There are many others       还有很多其他的……

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