Noel C. White:矿床模型在勘探的作用(将要找的矿变成地质目标)
The Role of Models in Exploration
矿床模型在勘探的作用
Noel C. White
The Role of Models in Exploration
矿床模型在勘探的作用
Ore Deposit Models are important in exploration矿床模型在勘探过程中是很重要的
◆ They allow us to convert commodities to geology它们能让我们将要找的矿种变成地质目标
»e.g., change “looking for gold” to “looking for an epithermal gold deposit”比如:把“找金”变为找“浅成低温型金矿”
◆ They allow us to select favorable geology to maximize chances of success它们能让我们找到最合适的地质背景从而尽可能提高成功的机会
»Because we know the geological setting and localizing controls on ore因为我们知道地质背景和控矿因素
◆ They help us to design effective exploration strategies using the most suitable techniques它们帮助我们设计最合适的找矿策略,选择最有效的勘探技术
»Because we know the character of the ore and host rocks因为我们知道矿石和围岩的特点
An Example – Exploring for VMS Deposits
一个实例-VMS矿床勘探
Volcanic massive sulfide deposits are a good example of how we use models in exploration VMS矿床是一类很好的例子,可说明我们怎样在勘探过程中运用模型
– Model is well-developed 模型逐步完善
– Examples are widespread 例子广泛分布
– Exploration uses diverse techniques 勘探应用多种技术
– HOW you use the techniques can make the difference between success and failure如何使用技术决定了勘探的成败
Zn-Pb ore, Rosebery Mine, Tasmania
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
DESCRIPTIVE MODEL 描述性模型
Tells us what to look for 告诉我们寻找什么
Not where to look 但不能确定到哪里去找
Helpful when you have a prospect to explore 当你在勘探区这一尺度勘探时才有帮助
GENETIC MODEL成因性的模型
Tells us how the deposit got there, not where to find it
告诉我们矿床如何形成,但不能告诉我们在哪里能找到这类矿床
Noranda District Distribution model
加拿大Noranda地区分布模型
THE IMPORTANT FEATURES: 重要的特征:
1. Volcanic host rocks 火山围岩
2. Diverse lithologies 复杂多变的岩层
3. One main ore horizon 一个水平主矿体
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
MUST HAVE 必须具备:
· Volcanic host sequence: calc-alkaline or tholeiitic 火山围岩层序:钙碱性或拉斑玄武岩
· Submarine setting (deep water best) 海相环境(最好是深水)
WANT TO FIND 需要找到:
Favorable horizon to focus exploration 有利的层位进行勘探
· Known deposits (local) 已知矿床(小尺度)
· Exhalites (extensive) 喷气岩(大范围)
· Footwall alteration (local to extensive) 下盘蚀变(小到大范围)
FOCUS EXPLORATION ON PARTS WITH 将勘探重心放在:
· Favorable geochemistry 地球化学有利的地方
· Intense footwall alteration 强烈的下盘蚀变
· Evidence for sulfides (e.g.,gossans) 硫化物存在的证据(如铁帽)
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
HOW DO WE EXPLORE? 如何勘探
1. GEOLOGY 地质
· Map exhalite distribution, facies and thickness 填图确定喷出岩的分布、岩相及其厚度
· Map alteration mineralogy, intensity and zoning蚀变填图,包括矿物学、强度和分带性
· Map sulfide distribution (look for gossans)填图查明硫化物的分布(寻找铁帽)
2. GEOCHEMISTRY 地球化学
· Metal zoning (local Cu, Au, Pb, more widespread Zn)
金属分带(局部Cu、Au,Pb和分布较广的Zn)
3. GEOPHYSICS 地球物理
· Magnetics (local strong highs, extensive footwall lows)
磁性(局部较高的高异常、大范围的下盘低异常)
· Electromagnetics (find conductive massive sulfides) 电磁性(帮助寻找高导性块状硫化物)
· Induced polarization (find disseminated sulfides) 激发极化(针对浸染状硫化物)
· Radiometrics (K-depleted footwall alteration, local highs)
放射性测量(下盘蚀变有K亏损,局部高异常)
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
· INTEGRATE all data into a model (do not force it!)综合各类数据成一个模型(不要牵强)
· PREDICT where ore should occur using your model用你的模型预测矿体应该出现的位置
· TEST your predictions (drill!) 验证预测(钻探!)
· REVISE the model based on results 根据验证结果修正模型
· TEST AGAIN 再验证
VMS ore, Sunny Corner, NSW, Australia
There are many others 还有很多其他的……