关系代词的用法
一、定义
所谓关系代词,就是指用于引导定语从句的代词。我们之所以把这类代词叫做关系代词,是因为它们具有关联作用,能把所引导的从句与从句所修饰的词语(即先行词)联系起来。
英语中常用的关系代词有:which、that、who、whom、whose。根据这些代词在句中的句法功能,可以把它们分为主格、宾格和所有格三类,即:
主格:which、that、who
宾格:which、that、who、whom
所有格:whose
二、用法例解
(一)which
which引导定语从句时,在从句中既可以作主语,也可以做宾语。如:
Yesterday I lost the book which my English teacher had given me as a birthday gift. (作宾语)
Yesterday I lost the book which had been given to me by my English teacher as a birthday gift. (作主语)
【注意】
1、当which在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
Yesterday I lost the book my English teacher had given me as a birthday gift.
2、which也可以用来连接非限定性定语从句。如:
Yesterday I left Alice Springs, which is a small town in the center of Australia.
3、which可以与介词一起使用,在从句中作状语,相当于一个关系副词。如:
Yesterday I left Alice Springs, in which there is a big desert park.
句中的in which就相当于关系副词where,可以用where来替换。
(二)that
that引导定语从句时,在从句中既可以作主语,也可以作宾语。如:
This is the dictionary that has helped me a lot in my English study. (作主语)
This is the dictionary that you are looking for. (作宾语)
【注意】
1、当that在从句中作主语时,经常可以用which来替换。如:
This is the dictionary which has helped me a lot in my English study.
但也有很多情况只能用that,之后我会在专门分享定语从句的时候再跟大家详细梳理。
2、当that在从句中作宾语时,也可以用which来替换,而且经常会省略。如:
This is the dictionary you are looking for.
不过,跟that作主语的情况一样,也有很多情况下,关系代词只能that,不能用which的下次再作详细分享。
3、that不能引导非限定性定语从句。如:
错误:This is the dictionary, that cost me five dollars.
句中的that要改为which。
(三)who
who引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语。如:
He is the man who called me four times yesterday.
【注意】
1、who有时也会在从句中作宾语,相当于whom。如:
He is the man who you talked about yesterday.
句中的who其实是作about的宾语,可以省略。
但是,如果在介词后面,则必须用whom。我们之后再分享定语从句的内容时,会再详细讲解,在此不做赘述。
2、who也能用来引导非限定性定语从句。如:
His brother, who is a teacher, is always kind to others.
(四)whom
whom是who的宾格形式,在定语从句中只能作宾语。如:
She is the woman whom I served just now.
句中的whom因为是作宾语的,所以可以省略。
【注意】
1、如果whom紧跟在介词后面,则不能省略。如:
She is the woman to whom I talked just now.
2、whom也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如:
The doctor, whom you admire, will visit our hospital tomorrow.
(五)whose
因为whose是所有格形式,表示所属关系,所以在实际使用中,whose后面会紧跟一个名词,才能引导定语从句。如:
She lives in a room whose window opens to the north.
【注意】
“whose+名词”也可以引导非限定性定语从句。如:
The driver, whose back was badly injured, was sent to the hospital nearby at once.