摘要是一篇研究论文或整个论文的简明总结。摘要必须自成体系，不能引用外部来源或实际论文。摘要突出了关键内容领域、研究目的、工作相关性或重要性，以及主要成果。长度一般约250字。
选择
摘要可以让对论文感兴趣的读者迅速决定它是否与他们的目的相关，以及他们是否需要阅读整篇论文。
索引
通过图书馆访问的大多数学术期刊数据库都能搜索摘要。这允许用户快速检索。因此，摘要必须包含潜在研究人员用来搜索的关键术语。摘要的格式将取决于作者从事的学科领域。不过，摘要一般都包括以下五个部分：
书写理由
这项研究的重要性是什么？为什么读者会对更大的作品感兴趣呢？
问题
这项工作试图解决什么问题？这个项目的范围是什么？主要的论点、论点或主张是什么？
方法论
一项科学工作的摘要可能包括特定模型或方法。其他摘要可以描述研究中使用的证据类型。
结果
一项科学工作的摘要可以包括表明该项目结果的具体数据。其他摘要可能会以更一般的方式讨论这些发现。
影响
这项工作如何增加关于这个主题的知识？你的发现或对未来研究的启示有没有实际或理论上的应用？英语摘要写作时要用什么时态？
用过去时写引言和大部分结果（Our experiments revealed…）。用现在时写能够保持正确性的结果和结论（these data demonstrate that X influences Y）。用将来时写下一步计划或这类评论。尽量使用主动形式（Here we show…），这样读起来更轻松，也能更高效地传递信息。It is currently thought that life-long blood cell production is driven by the action of a small number of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells.Evidence supporting this view has been largely acquired through the use of functional assays involving transplantation.However, whether these mechanisms also govern native non-transplant haematopoiesis is entirely unclear.Here we have established a novel experimental model in mice where cells can be uniquely and genetically labelled in situ to address this questionUsing this approach, we have performed longitudinal analyses of clonal dynamics in adult mice that reveal unprecedented features of native haematopoiesis. In contrast to what occurs following transplantation, steady-state blood production is maintained by the successive recruitment of thousands of clones, each with a minimal contribution to mature progeny.Our results demonstrate that a large number of long-lived progenitors, rather than classically defined haematopoietic stem cells, are the main drivers of steady-state haematopoiesis duringmost of adulthood.Our results also have implications for understanding the cellular origin of haematopoietic disease.这个摘要案例经常出现在国外论文写作相关的书籍当中。题目是：Quantifying the Mechanics of a Laryngoscopy。具体内容如下：Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that provides a secure airway by passing a breathing tube through the mouth and into the lungs of a patient.The ability to successfully perform laryngoscopy is highly dependent on operator skill; experienced physicians have failure rates of 0.1% or less, while less experienced paramedics may have failure rates of 10-33%, which can lead to death or brain injury.【背景】喉镜检查是一种医疗程序，通过……提供……，成功进行……依赖于……；经验丰富的医生的失败率为0.1%或更低，而经验较少的护理人员的失败率可能为10-33%，这可能导致……。Accordingly, there is a need for improved training methods, and virtual reality technology holds promise for this application.The immediate objective of this research project is to measure the mechanics of laryngoscopy, so that an advanced training mannequin can be developed.This summer an instrumented laryngoscope has been developed which uses a 6-axis force/torque sensor and a magnetic position/orientation sensor to quantify the interactions between the laryngoscope and the patient.【目的/方法】因此，需要改进训练方法，而虚拟现实技术为这一应用带来了希望。该研究项近期目标是……以便开发一种先进的……模型。已经开发出……，它使用……来量化……之间的相互作用。Experienced physicians as well as residents in training have used this device on an existing mannequin, and the force and motion trajectories have been visualized in 3D.One objective is to use comparisons between expert and novice users to identify the critical skill components necessary for patients, to identify the mechanical properties of the human anatomy that effect laryngoscopy, and thus enable the development of a realistic training simulator.【结果】经验丰富的医生和正在接受培训的住院医生都在现有的……模型上使用过……。一个目的是……确认患者所需的……，确认影响……的特性，从而能够开发出……。In the future an advanced training mannequin will be developed whose physical properties will be based on our sensor measurements, and where virtual reality tools will be used to provide training feedback for novice users.【影响】在未来，将开发……，其物理特性……，并将使用……为新手用户提供……。摘要是宣传你作品的重要方式，所以花时间把它写好是值得的。你可能需要修改几个草稿，才能形成一份准确、简明的摘要，它应当清晰、完整，包括关键搜索词，并且符合目标期刊的字数限制。参考资料：
https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/471274/Writing_an_Abstract_Update_051112.pdf
http://mitcommlab.mit.edu/be/commkit/journal-article-abstract/
