TE||Shape up, not break up
zheng'
1
导读
英国第二大建筑服务商Carillion破产
(2018年1月)
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听力|精读|翻译|词组
Shape up, not break up
重整旗鼓优于拆分
英文部分选自经济学人Leaders版块
Reforming the Big Four
改革“四大”
The audit industry needs fixing. But dismantling the Big Four is not the way to do it
审计行业需整改,然而拆分“四大”并非明智之举
WHEN a company goes bankrupt, recriminations tend to follow. Even so, the fury caused by the recent collapse of Carillion, a British contracting firm, is unusual. A report on the debacle by British MPs, which was released this month, savaged everyone from the firm’s executives to its regulators. But the MPs reserved special bile for the Big Four accounting firms—not just KPMG, which audited Carillion’s accounts for 19 years, but also its peers, Deloitte, EY and PwC, each of which extracted fees from the company, before and after its fall. The MPs have called for a review into the audit market and asked it to say whether the Big Four’s British arms should be broken up. The row is local, but concerns about the industry are global.
当企业破产之后,责难之声往往会随之而来。即便如此,英国建筑承包集团卡里利恩破产后所引发的众怒也是不寻常的。英国国会议员在本月发表了该破产案的报告文件中痛批企业的所有人员,从其执行部门到监管部门,无一能够幸免。对负责该公司账目审计工作长达十九年之久的毕马威及其同行德勤、安永和普道永华四大会计事务,国会议员也极其愤怒,但目前是怒而不发。 Carillion破产前后,每家事务所都向其收取了相关费用。议员们要求对审计市场进行审查并让审查机构给出是否应该让四大会计事务所解体的建议。虽然争议发生在英国,但却事关全球。
Critics of the auditors are right in two respects: that the industry matters, and that it needs reform (see article). It is in everyone’s interest that auditing works. If investors cannot trust financial statements, then companies’ cost of capital will rise, crimping growth and employment. It is also true that the industry has flaws. It is highly concentrated. The Big Four audit 98% of the companies listed on the S&P 500 and the FTSE 350 indexes. And auditors are paid not by investors, whom they serve, but by the company whose accounts they scrutinise. That raises questions about objectivity, especially since the Big Four earn nearly twice as much from consulting and other services as they do from auditing. Past reforms banned them from providing both an audit and certain consulting services to the same client, but conflicts of interest remain. In America non-audit fees charged to the same client amount to a quarter of audit fees; in Britain the figure is around a half.
对于审计者的批评从两个方面来看是合情合理的。一是审计行业很重要,二是该行业需要行业整改。审计工作关系到每个人的利益。如果投资者无法相信企业的财务报告,那么企业的资金成本将会上升,从而影响经济发展和社会就业。当然,该行业确实有其缺陷。行业高度集中化便是其中一个。标普指数500以及富时指数350的上市公司中,98%都是由“四大”来负责他们的审计工作。虽然审计公司所服务的对象是投资者,但是出钱雇佣这些审计公司的却是受投资者要求监督其帐目的企业,审计公司并非受命于投资者。这也引发了人们对审计工作客观性的怀疑,特别是跟咨询以及其他服务相比,“四大”通过提供审计服务所获得的收入是其他服务的将近两倍。在过去的改革中,虽然“四大”不得为相同的客户同时提供审计和其他某些特定的服务,但是其中的利益冲突仍然存在。在美国,向同一个客户收取的非审计费用仅相当于审计费用的四分之一,但在英国,这个比例将近一半。
A break-up, whether to separate the audit arms from the consulting businesses or to turn the Big Four into a Middling Eight, seems to offer a simple solution to these problems. It would at first affect only the British parts of the firms’ global networks, but the idea could spread.
拆分四大,无论是去除他们作为审计机构的咨询业务,还是将四大拆成八个中等事务所,似乎都能简单地解决当前的问题。拆分四大起初只会影响这些公司全球业务中的英国部分,但是这种想法会扩散(其他国家也会争相效仿)。
Although a break-up might be justified as a last resort, it is premature. Investors have exaggerated expectations of auditors’ ability to detect fraud. Because audits rely on sampling, some skulduggery will inevitably slip through. There are also signs that the industry is improving. Many countries tightened the rules after a scandal in 2001 sank Enron, an energy-trading firm, and its auditor, Arthur Andersen. In America the number of accounts that are restated because of a material error has fallen sharply over the past decade. Break-up would bring unintended consequences. As the world economy shifts from making goods to selling services, auditing is becoming more complicated: scale and the multidisciplinary expertise of large firms count for more. Smaller firms risk being too reliant on a few large clients, which may cloud their judgment.
虽然拆分可能是最后的选择,但现在,仍显得为时过早。投资者主观夸大了审计行业发现企业欺诈行为的能力。因为,审计结果依托抽样实现,那么抽样会使很多欺诈行为都难免成为漏网之鱼。也有迹象表明,审计行业正在逐步完善。在2001年,能源交易公司安然公司和它的审计公司安达信公司的丑闻曝光后,很多国家开始加强监管。在美国,这十年内由于实质性错误被要求重申的审计项目数量已经大大减少。拆分将带来一些意想不到的结果。世界经济正从制造商品转化为销售服务,审计工作也将变得更加复杂,审计公司内所需要的不同类型专业人才也越来越多。较小的审计公司可能只接触某些行业的大客户,这将限制他们的判断水平。
If you want radical fixes, there are better ways to correct the incentive problems at the core of the industry. You could sever the link between auditors and their clients by requiring securities regulators to pick firms’ auditors. Or you could introduce mandatory insurance of accounts, whereby companies must buy coverage for losses from accounting errors and the insurers would therefore appoint auditors to assess their risk.
如果想要彻底改变该行业,人们有更好的方法解决行业核心的激励问题。第一种方法是证券监管部门挑选公司的审计企业从而切断审计企业与客户间的联系。第二种方法是可以引入强制保险账户,这样公司就必须为会计错误的损失购买保险。那么,保险公司就会指派审计企业评估风险。
One bean at a time
逐步完善
Such ideas have been floating around for years, but even these are too hasty. Instead regulators should sharpen tools that are already available in Europe. They could lower the cap on non-audit fees charged to an audit client from today’s generous level of 70% of the audit fee. Under rules introduced in 2016, British companies with the same auditor for ten years must re-tender; they are forced to rotate after 20. Such rules look draconian to American eyes, where the average auditor tenure for the first 21 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average to have made disclosures this year is a cosy 66 years. New research finds that auditors are most likely to find misstatements early in their tenure; by the tenth year, the benefits of a fresh pair of eyes are lost. Academics also find that the Big Four’s fees rise with tenure. Even Britain’s 20-year limit is too long.
这样的想法已存在多年,但按此想法行事仍然显得很草率。相反,现在非审计费用占全部费用的比例高达70%,监管机构应该像欧洲一样进行改革,限制审计客户非审计费的最高比例。根据2016年颁布的规定,英国公司连续十年雇佣同一家审计单位的,就必须重新招标,二十年后必须轮换。在美国人看来,这些规定太过严厉。在美国道琼斯工业平均指数排名前二十一位的企业中,已经披露的雇佣审计企业的平均任期为惬意的66年。一项新调查显示审计单位在雇佣前期更容易发现问题,到了雇佣的第十个年头,能发现问题的新锐的双眼逐渐钝化。学者还认为四大会计师事务所随着雇佣年头增加收费也逐渐增高。英国二十年的时间限制还是太宽松了。
Auditors in many countries are already required to add flesh to the bare bones of the audit opinion. That is to be encouraged. Transparency over the main points of contention with management, and the size of revisions made to the accounts as a result of scrutiny, would cast light on auditors’ successes, not just their failures. And that in turn would help investors to assess auditors’ performance.
许多国家已经要求审计师将审计意见的框架增加具体的内容。这是可取的。对管理层的主要争论点和由于审查而对账目进行修改的尺度的透明化,,可以投射不仅仅是审计师们的失败,也有他们的成功。而且这样反过来又会帮助投资者评估审计师的表现。
For years shareholders have waved through a company’s choice of auditor at annual general meetings. A bit more bolshiness could be salutary. Last month, for instance, over a third of investors in General Electric voted against the reappointment of KPMG, its auditor for 109 years. The case for breaking up the Big Four is unproven. But every so often, shareholders need to remind the quartet who their main customers are.
多年来,在年度股东大会上股东们对公司审计人员的选择,从未过多干涉。多一点麻烦可能是有益的。例如,上个月,超过三分之一的通用电气投资者反对重新任命一个审计了109年的公司--毕马威会计师事务所。拆分“四大”的情况尚未得到证实。但每隔一段时间,股东都需要提醒 “四大”谁才是他们主要的客户。
翻译组:
Yao,男, 英专本科生,北大苗子
Cyrus,男, 口译民工,经济学人爱好者
Aileen,女,大四数学狗,经济学人粉丝
Xiaofeng,女,好奇心重的医疗民工,经济学人粉丝
校核组:
Eva , 女,经贸翻译学生,经济学粉丝
Doris,女,法律学习者,经济学人爱好者
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观点|评论|思考
本次观点由Wesley独家奉献
Wesley,男,自由职业,经济学人铁粉
英国的金融监管机构财务报告委员会调查四大会计师事务所是否应该被分拆的要求,已经不是四大首次面临的质疑了,自2001年美国安然事件时,监管局就有了这样的担心,质疑会计师事务所除负责稽核企业账目的同时,再向这些企业提供咨询,可能会存在利益冲突,即兼办两种业务对会计师事务所的独立性造成不利影响,导致会计师事务所为确保高额报酬而不惜牺牲股东与公众利益,甚至有时为了服务于更为赚钱的咨询业务利益,使其审计业务产生被操作的可能。
从那时起,要求四大将其非审计业务从其业务中剥离出去的要求和呼声就不绝如缕,尤其是出现金融危机或是影响力大的企业破产事件时,会计师事务所作为监管审计的作用总是会受到质疑。比如:
2001年,当年的行业“大哥”安达信会计师事务所因身陷安然财务丑闻而轰然倒塌,曾经的“五大”变身为如今的“四大”。
2003年,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)对毕马威提出指控,指其在审计美国施乐公司1997年至2000年的财务报表中具有欺诈行为,使其真实经营结果与向投资大众公布的结果相差30亿美元之巨。最后毕马威以支付巨额罚款“破财消灾”。
2007年,普华永道在日本的分支机构因内部控制措施松懈,导致化妆品公司嘉娜宝出现会计欺诈行为,而被日本金融厅处以停止大客户审计资格两个月的严厉处罚。
2010年,在著名的雷曼破产案中,美国证监会指安永对雷曼将500亿美元资产以“回购105”手段不正常划至表外,以隐藏负债和降低杠杆的事件“袖手旁观”,甚至有助长之嫌,成为金融危机中首个针对会计师事务所的指控。(以上案例摘自第一财经日报-2011.09-29)
安然事件后,安达信与安盛咨询(后更名为埃森哲)分道扬镳,安永、毕马威、普华永道相继将自己的咨询业务分拆出去,最终只有德勤在启动分拆后不久终止计划,是当时五大会计师事务所中唯一保留咨询业务的一家。
然而,由于传统的审计业务增长缓慢,大型会计师事务所一直在加强咨询业务,并从中获利颇丰。据欧洲审计官员估计,全球会计师事务所约50%的收入来源于包括咨询在内的其他非审计业务。而四大在中国的业务中,非审计业务收入约占总收入的40%-60%。如果将之拆分,则无疑将斩断“四大”的一条重要盈利途径,进而导致其市场竞争力下降,甚至面临并购威胁。
时至今日,咨询对审计独立性的影响,仍存在分歧。实践证明,保持独立性能够作为标准执行下去,其一,咨询过程中避免帮助管理层做决策;其二,用强大风险内控团队和流程作为保证。
举例而言,在普华永道内部,已经形成了一个标准的流程,即每个项目既要有负责项目的合伙人,又要有负责质量管控的合伙人,后者的角色除了监督项目质量,还要把控项目风险。“项目启动后的风险管控流程,要远比非会计师事务所背景的管理咨询公司严格得多。”也因此,四大对此分拆的要求另有说法。
英国毕马威审计主管米歇尔欣奇利夫表示“多个业务线的企业能为投资者和社会带来更多收益”。德勤表示,相信一个多个业务线的商业模式是确保“高质量审计”的最佳选择。
普华永道英国公司董事长凯文埃利斯说:“我们希望更多的大的审计市场参与者能够提高选择的积极性,并且我们对如何实现这一目标持开放态度。”
安永拒绝发表评论。
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