【经岚传递】后社会主义的转型和环境保护

【经岚传递】16L60

后社会主义的转型和环境保护

——[读论文]之“环境保护的政治经济学分析”系列

编译/ZQ

本期【经岚传递】所介绍的是来自于WENFANG TANG发表在Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1993), pp. 89-109上的“Post-Socialist Transition and Environmental Protection”一文。

文章摘要

本文考察了市场经济和中央计划经济体系的各自特征，及其对环境的影响。文章认为，当计划经济体采用了市场机制来保护环境时，市场主体将面临更多的环境问题，并对政府干预提出更高要求。通过对近期统计数据的分析，文章比较了市场和计划两种体制下过去20年来的二氧化硫排放情况。结果表明，由于能源利用效率的低下，尽管计划经济体在集中协调来减排方面有着更高的效率，但仍然产生了更多的排放。这种效应在污染控制的初期尤为明显.相应的，工业化的市场经济国家尽管有能力投入资源来控制污染，但在工业化的早期，市场体制仍然带来了诸多的环境问题。最后，文章研究认为，在后社会主义时期，相关国家在环境保护上经历了一个低潮，其中的主要原因在于政府协调能力的下滑，法律体系的缺失，以及难于建立一个有效的市场体系。

ABSTRACT

This article examines the institutional characteristics of market and centrally planned economies and their impact on the environment. It argues that while the planned economies are utilising market mechanisms in environmental protection, their market counterparts are facing more and more environmental problems that require governmental intervention. Using the latest statistical information, the records of sulphur dioxide emission under market and planning over the past twenty years are compared. The findings show that while planned economies generated more pollution due to energy inefficiency, they were neverthe- less quite effective in reducing pollution under centralised coordination. This is particularly true at the initial stage of pollution control. Although the industrialised market economies were capable of diverting resources into pollution control, they were equally capable of causing environmental disruption, especially at their early stages of industrialisation. Finally, it is argued that environmental protection in post-socialist societies is likely to experience a downturn in the near future. This is due to the decreasing role of government coordination, the lack of a legal system, and the difficulty of developing a well-functioning market.

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