“白话英语”系列文章2020年总目录(含2016 - 2019年文章目录链接)
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有朋友问:
personality,个性,character,性格,这两个说法,中文我都分不清楚,更何况英文呢?帮我解释一下?
看到这个问题,我先是被这位朋友的坦诚和自知之明逗乐了,然后,我发现自己好像也是这样,并没能分清什么叫个性、什么叫性格……
我们先看中文。“个性”,“性格”,如果就是单独看这两个词,是不容易分辨的,只有放到具体的语言环境中去,才能说清楚。比方说,他这个人,“有个性”,这是说此人特立独行,与众不同,这是一种总体评价;他这个人,“就那种个性”,这时的“个性”跟“性格”基本上一致。至于哲学意义上的“个性”,那是跟“共性”相对的,与我们的讨论关系不大。
性格呢,就不一样了:他这个人,性格孤僻:这是一种行为习惯,他一向不怎么与人往来。
英语里的personality,翻译为“个性”,其实跟汉语里这个词是有不同之处的,虽然也的确有重合的地方。《葛传椝英语惯用法词典》是这样解释的:
personality在一般词典里注作“人格”,其实跟“人格高尚”、“人格卑鄙”等表达方式里的“人格”不同。personality通常有四个意思:(1)“身份为何”(personal identity),如His personality has not yet been determined。(还不曾查出他是谁。)(2)“性格与外在”(distinctive personal character,但也兼指外表),如He has a charming personality。(3)“个体特性”(individuality,与“共性”相对,是抽象名词),如Personality is of as much importance as ability。(4)“动人”(magnetic personal quality,是抽象名词——即“吸引力”,太白注),如He is a man with personality和She has personality。
对于character,《葛传椝英语惯用法词典》是这么说的:
character和characteristic意思不同。character是“性格”,characteristic是“性格里的特质”。一个人只有一个character,却有多个characteristics,这多个characteristics合成一个character。
事实上,personality和character这两个词的来源有所不同,了解一下,有助于我们更深刻、更细致地领会其区别。
personality,看上去是来自于personal,其实是来自persona,最初的意思是actor's mask,演员的面具。演员嘛,总体来说都还是比较有吸引力的,所以personality在很大程度上,主要与“吸引力”挂钩。
character则不同,最初它是给马打上烙印的那种工具,a stamping tool。也即,character主要是一个人区别于他人的独特行为习惯。
最后,我们来看看英语语义学泰斗S. I. Hayakawa(早川一会)在他的名著《Use the Right Word》中是怎么说的:
These words refer to a person’s mental make-up or emotional state.Character and personality both point to aggregations of mental and emotional traits, innate and learnt, that distinguish one person from another.Character points to the fully developed life-style of an adult or group and often relates to moral fibre: drinking companions of questionable character; the stern but resourceful character of the Pilgrim Fathers.Personality pertains more to the whole indefinable emotional colouration that a specific person gives off: the young girls’ winsome personality; a personality crippled by arrogance and impatience.Used without qualification, character suggests moral forcefulness, personality emotional appeal: He has character but no personality. In this use, the word can apply to anything thought to exhibit these qualities, especially when they are distinctive in their force or appeal: a face with character; paintings completely lacking in character; a striking city, full of personality.The latter word, used in this way, has become so popular that it is in danger of sounding trite through over-use.
翻译一下:
这两个词指的都是一个人的精神、情绪、情感状况。
Character和personality指的都是是一个人区别于他人的精神、情感、情绪方面特征的集合,不管这些特征是与生俱来的,还是后天养成的。Character指的是一个或一群成年人已充分形成的生活方式,经常带有道德方面的特质:
drinking companions of questionable character,性格不靠谱的酒友;
the stern but resourceful character of the Pilgrim Fathers. 朝圣先民们那种严酷但足智多谋的性格。
Personality更多地是指一个人所散发出的难以定义的那种情感、情绪的色彩:
the young girls’ winsome personality,年轻女孩们那种楚楚动人的风采;
a personality crippled by arrogance and impatience. 遭到高傲与不耐烦破坏的一种个性。
在没有修饰词的情况下,character暗指道德上的有力,personality暗示的是情感上的吸引力:He has character but no personality. 他性格正直,但缺乏吸引力。
在这种用法中,该词适用于被认为能够表现出这些特质的任何事物,尤其是这些事物特性突出,能表现出其有力、有吸引力的一面的时候:
a face with character,有性格的脸;
paintings completely lacking in character,完全缺乏性格的画作;
a striking city, full of personality. 令人印象深刻的城市,充满了吸引力。
后一个词在这种用法中已经用得如此普遍,以至于有过度使用从而听起来有点陈词滥调的危险。
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