永续耕种设计原理： 加速演替和进化（中英文对照）
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8. Accelerating Succession and Evolution
8. 加速演替和进化
The eighth Permaculture Design principle is 'Accelerating Succession and Evolution’ – Using and accelerating natural plant succession to establish favourable sites and soils.
永续设计的第八个原理是“加速演替和进化”-利用和加速自然植物演替建立有利的地点和土壤。
An empty field left undisturbed for long enough will inevitably turn into a forest, given enough time. Nature will fill empty, barren or disturbed ground with plants which quickly stabilise and build the soil, to prepare the ground for progressively larger plants, until the area is filled with trees, and many layers of understory plants beneath them. This process is called Forest Succession, and with this design principle, we aim to assist Nature’s efforts to accelerate this process, so instead of waiting 50-150 years for a forest to develop for example, we can assist in the effort and create a climax forest in around 10 years instead.
如果时间足够长，一片空旷的原野如果不被打扰，将不可避免地变成一片森林。大自然会用植物填充空旷、贫瘠或被扰乱的土地，这些植物会迅速稳定并形成土壤，为逐渐增大的植物铺平土地，直到这片土地上长满了树木，下面还有许多层的林下植物。这个过程被称为森林继承，根据这个设计原则，我们的目标是协助大自然加速这个过程，所以我们可以在10年左右的时间里，协助这项工作，创造一个顶极森林，而不是等待50-150年的森林发展。
Why forests? Because forest systems are one of the most productive and most sustainable systems known, it is what Nature creates at almost every opportunity. Forest systems can be designed to produce food if we construct them using edible plant species, and they can produce other useful resources such as timber, fibres, dyes and medicines. In addition, what makes them special is that they are living ecosystems, and therefore support great biodiversity, they provide a home to a wide range of flora and fauna, which all comes together to create a balanced, natural, pest and weed free system.
为什么是森林？因为森林系统是已知的最具生产力和最可持续的系统之一，大自然几乎利用一切机会创造了这一系统。如果我们使用可食用的植物物种来建造森林系统，那么森林系统可以用来生产食物，而且森林系统还可以生产木材、纤维、染料和药物等其他有用资源。此外，它们之所以特别是因为它们是活生生的生态系统，因此支持着丰富的生物多样性，它们为各种各样的动植物提供了一个家园，这些动植物共同创造了一个平衡的、自然的、无害的和无杂草的系统。
Before we look deeper into the principle of accelerating forest succession, it is important to define what forest succession actually is and how it operates.
在我们深入研究加速森林演替的原则之前，重要的是界定什么是森林演替以及它是如何运作的。
What is Forest Succession?
什么是森林演替？
When any soil is laid bare or disturbed, Nature has a system for repairing the degraded ground in order to prevent soil erosion and to reconstruct the ecosystem which was there or should be there.
当任何土壤裸露或受到干扰时，自然界有一个修复退化土地的系统，以防止土壤侵蚀和重建已经存在或应该存在的生态系统。
As the first line of action, Nature deploys pioneer plants, to stabilise the soil. These plants all have various unique attributes and aid the reconstruction process in various ways. Here are some examples:
作为第一道防线，大自然部署了先锋植物，以稳定土壤。这些植物都具有各种各样的独特属性，并以各种方式帮助重建过程。以下是一些例子:
Plants with deep tap roots drill into hardpan to decompact it, creating channels to allow water and air back in the soil. 植物与深深的自来水根钻入硬土层分解它，创造渠道，让水和空气回到土壤
Plants with fine, net-like root structures hold the soil together and prevent erosion on slopes and banks. 具有细小的网状根结构的植物把土壤固定在一起，防止斜坡和岸边的侵蚀
Plants with thorns or which are poisonous protect the ground cover plants from being over-grazed by herbivores. 带刺或有毒的植物可以保护地被植物免受食草动物的过度放牧
We are all familiar with these amazing pioneer plants, we commonly call them weeds!
我们都熟悉这些令人惊异的先锋植物，我们通常称之为杂草！
Weeds are by definition “plants growing where we don’t want them to” and that is not a biological or ecological categorisation, it’s just a unscientific value judgement of the worth and place of certain plants in the ecosystem according to subjective human opinion.
杂草的定义是“植物生长在我们不希望它们生长的地方” ，这不是一个生物学或生态学的分类，它只是一个不科学的价值判断的价值和某些植物在生态系统中的地位，根据主观的人类意见。
The pioneer plant’s action of stabilising any soil disturbance or damage is only the first of many steps of a full-blown reconstruction process which Nature carries out. If an abandoned field is left there long enough, Nature will, over time, transform it into a forest. This process I am describing is called ecological succession.
先锋植物稳定任何土壤干扰或损害的作用只是大自然进行的全面重建过程的许多步骤中的第一步。如果一块废弃的田地被留在那里足够长的时间，随着时间的推移，大自然将把它变成一片森林。我所描述的这个过程叫做生态演替。
Ecological succession is the orderly and predictable process by which an ecological community progressively transforms itself to ultimately create a stable system.
生态演替是一个有序的可预测过程，通过这个过程，一个生态社区逐步地转变自己，最终创造一个稳定的系统。
This process is initiated whenever new space is made available for Nature to work upon. This can either be new space created by a landslide or deposition of lava, or existing space created through the disturbance of an existing ecosystem through factors such as logging and clear-felling, fires, grazing of livestock and so forth.
只要大自然有了新的工作空间，这个过程就开始了。这既可以是滑坡或熔岩沉积所创造的新空间，也可以是通过伐木和砍伐、火灾、放牧牲畜等因素扰乱现有生态系统而创造的现有空间。
Where no soil is present in the first instance, the process is termed primary succession, and in cases where soil is already present, the process is secondary succession.
如果一开始没有土壤，这个过程就被称为初生演替演替，如果土壤已经存在，这个过程就是次生演替。
We can also observe that forests go through the same succession process, which is termed forest succession, where any ground that is disturbed or made bare is transformed progressively by Nature to create a living ecosystem, such as a forest.
我们还可以观察到，森林经历同样的演替过程，即所谓的森林演替，在这一过程中，任何受到破坏或裸露的土地都会逐渐被大自然转变为生态系统，如森林。
The process of forest succession can be described as follows:
森林演替过程可以描述如下:
Pioneer plants first populate disturbed soil. These plants are annuals that spread by producing a large amount of seeds that are carried by the wind, allowing them to be carried far and wide. They have special adaptations that make them ideal for their pioneering function. They can grow in hot, dry and exposed conditions, and in very poor soil. They have special adaptations such as deep tap roots which break up compacted soil, extensive networks of fibrous roots which hold loose soil together, roots with nodes which contain nitrogen fixing bacteria which add nitrogen to the soil or they can employ thorns or contain substances toxic to herbivores to protect themselves from being eaten. These plants are short lived, and die down, improving the soil, and creating a leaf litter mulch which breaks down and starts the process of soil building.
先锋植物首先生长在扰动的土壤中。这些植物是一年生植物，它们通过产生大量的种子而传播，这些种子可以被风带到更远更广的地方。他们有特殊的改编，使他们理想的开拓性功能。它们可以生长在炎热、干燥和裸露的环境中，也可以生长在非常贫瘠的土壤中。它们有一些特殊的适应性，比如深深的自来根可以打碎坚实的土壤，广泛的须根网可以把松散的土壤固定在一起，根部的节点含有固氮细菌可以给土壤增加氮，或者它们可以利用荆棘或含有对食草动物有毒的物质来保护自己不被吃掉。这些植物存活时间很短，死亡后会改善土壤，形成一层落叶覆盖物，这层覆盖物会分解并开始土壤的形成过程
This pioneer plants create an environment which can support 这种先锋植物创造了一个环境，可以支持perennial plants and grasses 多年生植物和草, which then start inhabiting this space. Many perennials have their own special adaptations and survival mechanisms which allow them to transform what the pioneer plants have left behind into a 然后开始占据这个空间。许多多年生植物有它们自己的特殊适应和生存机制，这使得它们能够把先锋植物留下的东西转变成一种grassy meadow 草地. Shade intolerant tree seedlings also begin growing in this space.。不耐荫的树苗也开始在这个空间生长
Once these changes have taken place, the space becomes suitable for the growth of 一旦这些变化发生，空间变得适合成长woody pioneers 木本拓荒者 or 或shrubs 灌木. The transformation into a 。转变成一个shrubland 灌木丛 elevates the height of the vegetation, and creates a protective microclimate which supports the growth of other small trees. 提高了植被的高度，创造了一个支持其他小树生长的保护性小气候
Fast growing small, 快速增长的小,short-lived pioneer trees 短命的先锋树 form a thicket which transforms the area into a 形成一个灌木丛，把这个地区变成一个young forest 幼林.
The short-lived pioneer trees are gradually replaced by taller and longer lived hardwoods trees – the 短命的先锋树逐渐被更高更长寿的阔叶树所取代climax trees 顶极树, and an understory of shade tolerant species grows below them, creating a 为了研究不同树种的耐荫性差异及其影响因素，对不同树种的耐荫性和耐荫性进行了比较研究mature forest 成熟林.
This process is illustrated in the diagram shown below:
这一过程如下图所示:
Once this system is established, it doesn’t remain static, nothing in Nature does — it’s a living, dynamic system. As plants naturally die down, they are replaced by others, and if a large space results from the loss of a large tree for example, a small cycle can occur in that space to repopulate it. If any disturbance occurs at any point in the process, this pushes the process of forest succession back a step in the localised area of the disturbance, and it continues forward from that point onwards.
一旦这个系统建立起来，它就不再是静态的，自然界中没有任何东西是静态的，它是一个有生命的、动态的系统。随着植物的自然死亡，它们会被其他植物取代，例如，如果一棵大树的消失导致了一个很大的空间，那么一个小的循环就会在这个空间里重新繁殖。如果在这个过程中的任何一点发生了任何干扰，这将把森林演替的过程推回到干扰的局部区域的一个台阶，并且从那一点开始继续向前。
Accelerating Forest Succession
加速森林演替
At this point, you may be wondering what’s the relevance of forest succession in regards to agriculture and food production, why is it so important that there is a whole design principle centred around it?
在这一点上，你可能想知道森林演替与农业和粮食生产有什么关系，为什么有一个完整的设计原则围绕着它如此重要？
Well, consider this. Conventional agricultural systems try to keep the the ground at the weed stage (annual plant stage) of forest succession by expending (wasting!) huge amount of energy in an attempt to try to reverse Nature’s processes. The digging, weeding, spraying and clearing never ends in an attempt to arrest the natural process of forest succession. Nature is a solar powered plant growing system, it has literally an infinite energy amount of energy to draw upon, the sun! To counteract Nature’s efforts, conventional agriculture is burning up the planet’s finite non-renewable and highly polluting fossil fuels. This mindset is competitive against Nature. Not very energy-efficient, sustainable, or intelligent, is it?
想想这个。传统的农业系统试图通过扩张(消耗!)来保持林地在杂草期(一年生植物期)的森林演替 试图逆转大自然的进程。为了阻止森林演替的自然进程，人们不断地进行挖掘、除草、喷洒和清理。大自然是一个太阳能发电的植物生长系统，它确实有无限的能量可以利用---- 太阳！为了抵消大自然的影响，传统农业正在消耗地球上有限的、不可再生的、高污染的化石燃料。这种心态是与自然竞争的。不是很节能，可持续，或智能，是吗？
Instead of trying to fight Nature and pulling in the opposite direction to the natural flow in a futile tug of war, we can instead push in the same direction together and get to the same destination faster – a mature forest. This is precisely what we do, and this is what this principle describes, working with Nature rather than against it, using our energy to complement Nature’s efforts, so that Nature works for us, and we work for Nature, in acollaborative fashion.
与其在徒劳的拔河比赛中与大自然抗争，与大自然背道而驰，我们不如一起向同一个方向推进，更快地到达同一个目的地——一片成熟的森林。这正是我们所做的，这也是这个原则所描述的，与自然合作而不是反对它，利用我们的能量来补充自然的努力，所以自然为我们工作，我们为自然工作，以一种合作的方式。
Normally, forests take a long time to establish themselves as they go through the successive stages of forest progression to reach the final climax forest stage. The height of the forest increases quite slowly at the earlier stages, and then shoots up at a faster rate once trees become established and start growing to the maximum canopy height, as shown in the diagram below.
正常情况下，森林需要很长的时间来建立自己，因为他们经过森林进展的连续阶段，到达最后的顶极森林阶段。森林的高度在早期阶段增长相当缓慢，然后一旦树木长成并开始生长到最大的树冠高度，就会以较快的速度增长，如下图所示。
By planting in all the layers of a forest at the same time, we can instantly create the multi-tiered structure and we don’t have to wait for each step to complete before the next one can commence. This way, we can speed up the process of forest succession immensely, and create an established forest in no time at all.
通过同时在森林的所有层面种植，我们可以立即创建多层结构，而不必等待每一步完成后才能开始下一步。这样，我们就可以极大地加快森林演替的进程，并且在任何时候都可以创造一个固定的森林。
Ways to Accelerate the Forest Succession Process
加快森林演替进程的途径
There are a variety of ways that we can accelerate the forest succession process and assist Nature to establish a forest system quicker than would naturally happen.
我们可以通过多种方式加快森林演替进程，帮助自然界以比自然发生的更快的速度建立森林系统。
Using existing plants to build soil 利用现有植物建造土壤
If the ground has been cleared, then Nature would have already filled it with pioneer plants, what are commonly termed 'weeds’.
如果地面已经被开垦，那么大自然就已经用先锋植物填满了它，也就是通常所说的'杂草’。
Most weeds are annuals and can be slashed and used as mulch before they produce seed. This will interrupt their reproductive cycle and they will not regrow. Their role in nature is to stabilise the soil, accumulate minerals, and build rich soil when they die down, so they are an ideal material for a nutrient-rich soil building mulch to use around plants. They can also be covered with newspaper or cardboard to kill them off, where they will rot down and add nutrients back into the soil.
大多数杂草都是一年生的，在它们产生种子之前可以砍掉它们作为护根物。这将中断它们的生殖周期，它们不会再生。它们在自然界中的作用是稳定土壤，积累矿物质，并在它们死亡后形成肥沃的土壤，所以它们是一种理想的肥沃土壤覆盖物，用于植物周围。他们也可以用报纸或纸板覆盖杀死他们，在那里他们将腐烂和添加养分回到土壤。
Perennial weeds regrow from their roots if cut above the ground and need to be dug out if you want to get rid of them quickly, but be aware if too much of the soil disturbance occurs, many annual weed seeds that are dormant in the soil will germinate and populate the disturbed area with annuals once again. Perennial weeds will eventually be shaded out by the forest plants and die off on their own in the long term, this is part of the natural cycle of forest succession. Woody perennial weeds are also a very good source of soil building material as the woody plant tissues contain the compound lignin, which decomposes to form the major constituent of humus which is the organic part of the soil.
多年生杂草如果从根部开始再生，如果你想尽快除掉它们，就需要把它们挖出来，但要注意，如果土壤受到太多干扰，许多在土壤中休眠的一年生杂草种子会再次发芽，并在受干扰的地区繁殖一年生植物。长期以来，多年生杂草最终会被森林植物遮蔽并自行死亡，这是森林演替的自然循环的一部分。多年生木本杂草也是土壤建材的很好来源，因为木本植物组织中含有复合木质素，木质素分解形成腐殖质的主要成分，腐殖质是土壤的有机组成部分。
Introducing only hardy plants initially
最初只引进耐寒植物
Where adverse conditions make it harder to establish a forest all at once, we can begin by planting tough, hardy annuals and perennials that will easily survive these conditions. Once they establish themselves, increase the fertility of the soil, and create supportive microclimates, they will provide a more favourable environment which will better support the climax forest species that will be planted there later and increase their survival chances considerably.
在恶劣的条件下很难一次性建立起森林的地方，我们可以开始种植坚韧耐寒的一年生植物和多年生植物，它们可以很容易地在这些条件下生存下来。一旦它们建立起来，提高土壤的肥力，并创造有利的小气候，它们将提供一个更有利的环境，更好地支持将来在那里种植的顶级森林物种，并大大增加它们的生存机会。
We choose the species of plants depending on the soil conditions (such as compacted, eroded, dry, boggy, salted, depleted, etc.) and soil types (such as sandy, clay, loam, acid, alkali, etc.)
我们根据土壤条件(如压实、侵蚀、干燥、沼泽、盐渍、枯竭等)和土壤类型(如沙质、粘土、壤土、酸、碱等)来选择植物种类
As practical examples, we can plant drought-tolerant windbreak plants in hot, windy areas, and then grow the other plants in the cover they provide. In areas with salinity problems, we can plant deep-rooted salt-tolerant perennial plants and trees to lower the water table and remediate the salinity problem, so the soil can support salt-sensitive plant species. If the soil is depleted, we can use nitrogen fixing plants, green manures and mulches to add fertility to the soil, then we can grow plants that have higher nutrient demands.
作为实例，我们可以在炎热、多风的地区种植耐旱防风植物，然后在它们提供的覆盖物中种植其他植物。在存在盐分问题的地区，我们可以种植根深蒂固的多年生耐盐植物和树木，以降低地下水位和解决盐分问题，从而使土壤能够支持对盐分敏感的植物物种。如果土壤枯竭了，我们可以使用固氮植物、绿肥和覆盖物来增加土壤的肥力，然后我们可以种植需要更多养分的植物。
Raising the levels of organic matter in the soil artificially 人为提高土壤有机质含量
If the soil is not very deep, or it if is badly degraded, plants do not grow as well as they could, and this makes it so much more difficult to establish a forest system under such conditions. Nature builds soil very slowly, and may not be able to rebuild the soil if the the environment is damaged beyond repair, so rather waiting for the soil to build naturally, which takes decades, or may possibly never happen, we can speed up the process by adding more organic matter to the soil, by using mulch, compost, green manures ( 如果土壤不是很深，或者土壤严重退化，植物就不能尽可能地生长，这使得在这种条件下建立森林系统变得更加困难。大自然造土的速度非常缓慢，如果环境遭到破坏而无法修复，它可能无法重建土壤，因此，与其等待土壤自然形成，这需要几十年的时间，或者可能永远不会发生，我们可以通过向土壤中添加更多的有机物，使用覆盖物、堆肥、绿色肥料来加快这一过程plants grown then cut and dug into the soil before they go to seed 植物生长，然后切割，挖入土壤之前，他们去种子) or natural fertilisers such as manure, seaweed, worm castings, etc. )或天然肥料，例如粪肥、海藻、蚯蚓粪等
By building the soil through the addition of organic matter, we increase the levels of nutrients available to plants, increase moisture retention in dry soils, help break up clay soils and generally improve the soil so it can better support plants. With the improved soil conditions, we can then establish a forest system more quickly, or if the conditions are still very harsh, then the soil improvements will allow us to establish a few hardy plants, which will then create more supportive conditions for the plants that follow, as discussed in the previous point.
通过添加有机物质来建造土壤，我们可以提高植物可利用的养分水平，增加干燥土壤中的水分保持，帮助分解粘土，并通常改善土壤，使其能够更好地支持植物。随着土壤条件的改善，我们可以更快地建立一个森林系统，或者如果条件仍然非常恶劣，那么土壤的改善将允许我们建立一些耐寒植物，这将创造更多的支持条件，随后的植物，如上一点讨论。
Substituting the plants of the forest succession stages with useful species that we choose 用我们选择的有用物种代替森林演替阶段的植物
Nature uses whatever plant species are at hand, available in a specific location, to create a forest system with. These naturally occurring plants are utilised in each step of forest succession, from pioneer plants all the way through to climax trees.
大自然利用手边的任何植物物种，在一个特定的地点，创造一个森林系统。这些自然发生的植物在森林演替的每一个阶段都被利用，从先锋植物一直到顶极树木。
We can choose the species that are useful to us and use them in the place of the naturally occurring ones, so that way we are able to produce a yield as the forest system establishes itself, and at the same time assist Nature if creating a living ecosystem, a true mutually beneficial win-win situation.
我们可以选择对我们有用的物种，用它们来代替自然发生的物种，这样我们就能够在森林系统自我建立的时候产生一定的产量，同时，如果创造一个生态系统，我们就能够帮助大自然，创造一个真正的互利双赢的局面。
This is the technique we use to develop food forests – these are forest systems where we create each forest layer using edible or supporting plant species of our own choosing. They are highly productive intensive food production system that have all the benefits of natural forests – they are pest and weed free, don’t require digging, are self-mulching and take little work to maintain. Most importantly, they are living ecosystem which support a biodiverse range of life forms, such as birds, animals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and plants.
这是我们用来开发食物森林的技术——这些森林系统是我们用我们自己选择的可食用或支持植物物种创造的每一个森林层。它们是高产的密集型食物生产系统，具有天然森林的所有好处——它们不受害虫和杂草的侵害，不需要挖掘，自我覆盖，几乎不需要维护。最重要的是，它们是维持生物多样性的生态系统，如鸟类、动物、爬行动物、两栖动物、昆虫和植物。
In summary, the ecological process of forest succession takes many decades to create a forest system unaided, but we can collaborate with Nature to speed up the process and establish a forest system in less than a decade.
总而言之，森林演替的生态过程需要几十年的时间才能形成一个独立的森林系统，但是我们可以与自然合作，在不到十年的时间里加快这一过程，建立一个森林系统。
We can help to create favourable conditions for plant growth by using the existing local or external resources to improve the soil, by creating a nucleus of hardy plants to build a supportive microclimate, and by choosing the forest succession species that are useful to us which to support the growth of a forest system.
我们可以帮助创造有利于植物生长的条件，办法是利用现有的当地或外部资源改善土壤，创造耐寒植物的核心，以建立有利的小气候，以及选择对我们有用的森林演替物种，以支持森林系统的生长。
信仰制造