“骨科”名称由来

骨科亦称“矫形外科（orthopaedics）”由法国儿科医生Nicolas Andry（图1）首先提出。1741年Andry出版了一部著作（图2）名字就是《Orthopaedia》。在书的扉页Andry写道：本书的标题，是由两个希腊词语组成的，即Orthos（ὀρθός ）和pais（παιδίον）。Orthos的意思是“直”和“没有畸形”，“pais”的意思是“儿童”。两个词组合成一个新词“orthopaedics”，表明这本书的主要内容，并介绍一些可以预防和矫正儿童畸形的方法。因此，“orthopaedics”最早是用来指儿童的矫形，而今天我们把对所有年龄患者的矫形外科的治疗都用“orthopaedics”来表示，也就是我们统称的“骨科”。

图1  法国儿科医生

Nicolas Andry (1658～1742)

 

图2  Andry专著

《Orthopaedia-矫形外科》

Andry矫正儿童膝关节内外翻畸形（X型腿和O型腿）的方法是：“把一小块铁片尽可能置于患膝的凹侧，用亚麻布卷把这个铁片和患肢绑在一起。此种方法看似“残忍”，但当时只能使用此方法，就像把弯曲的小树矫正成笔直的小树那样”。由此，他设计了著名的矫形外科学标志“Andry Tree”。标志中是一棵弯曲的小树，树干凹侧竖着一根笔直的棍子，棍子与树干紧紧地捆在一起（图3）。和“orthopaedics”这个词语一样，最初Nicolas Andry用这个图形也是来表示矫正儿童膝关节内外翻畸形的方法，而今天已经成为矫形外科学国际通用的标志，也就是看到这个标志一定和“骨科有关”。

图3  矫形外科学标志-Andry树

为了纪念Andry，美国骨与关节外科医师协会在1961年设立了Andry奖（Nicolas Andry Award），这是美国矫形外科医学界为对矫形外科医学发展有特殊卓越贡献者颁发的最高学术奖项，该奖评选极其苛刻，评奖宗旨“宁缺毋滥”，经常出现空白，值得借鉴。

附：历届Andry奖得主和获奖题目

1961

LeonardF. Peltier, MD

THEUSE OF PLASTER OF PARIS TO FILL DEFECTS IN BONE

1962

RichardK. White, MD

THECLINICAL APPLICATION OF RHEOLOGY OF SYNOVIAL FLUID

1963

LeonardMarmor, MD

REGENERATIONOF PERIPHERAL NERVE BY IRRADIATED HOMOGRAFTS

1964

EliasD. Sedlin, MD

CORTICALTOTAL AREA RATIO AS A MEASURE OF OSTEOPOROSIS

DavidG. Vesely, MD

THEDISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT

1965

R.H. Rothman, MD

VASCULARANATOMY OF THE ROTATOR CUFF

LouisBreck, MD, Arsavir Arat, MD, Philip Duran

AMATHEMATICAL-ELECTRONIC APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF CERTAIN INTERNALDERANGEMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT

1966

JamesB. Wray, MD

THEINFLUENCE OF VARIOUS HORMONES UPON VARIOUS HEALING PROCESSES

WayneH. Akeson, MD

THECONNECTIVE TISSUE RESPONSE TO IMMOBILITY

1967

NOAWARD GIVEN

1968

D.Harold Copp, PhD

CALCITONIN

1969

RobertCameron, MD

STRONTIUM- 85 SCENTIMETRY IN NONTRAUMATIC NECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD

1970

WiltonH. Bunch, MD, Gary M. Andrew, PhD

ADECISION THEORETIC APPROACH TO ORTHOPAEDIC TREATMENT SELECTION

HenryR. Cowell, MD

GENETICASPECTS OF IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

1971

AugustoSarmiento, MD

FUNCTIONALBRACING OF TIBIAL FRACURES

HectorS. DeLuca, PhD

VITAMIND

1972

ChohHao Li, MD

THESYNTHESIS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

WilliamH. Bowers, MD, Frank C. Wilson, MD, Walter Greene, MD

ANTIBIOTICPROPHYLAXIS IN EXPERIMENTAL BONE INFECTIONS

1973

PaulR. Harrington, MD

THEHISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HARRINGTON INSTRUMENTATION

DonaldG. Walker, PhD

CONGENITALOSTEOPETROSIS IN MICE CURED BY PARABIOTIC UNION WITH NORMAL SIBLINGS

1974

AllenL. Breed, MD

EXPERIMENTALPRODUCTS OF VASCULAR HYPOTENSION

ANDBONE MARROW AND FAT EMBOLISM WITH METHYLMETHACRYLATE CEMENT

RobertSalter, MD

THEFIRST 15 YEARS’ PERSONAL EXPERIENCE WITH INNOMINATE OSTEOTOMY IN THE TREATMENTOF CONGENTIAL DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION

1975

J.William Fielding, MD, George Van B. Cochran, MD

TRAUMATICLYSIS OF THE TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT OF THE ATLAS:

ACLINICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL STUDY

1976

WilliamT. Green Jr., MD

ARTICULARCARTILAGE REPAIR:  BEHAVIOR OF RABBITCHONDROCYTES DURING TISSUE CULTURE AND SUBSEQUENT ALLOGRAFTING

NormanJaffe, MD

OSTEOGENICSARCOMA - STATE OF THE ART WITH HIGH DOSE METHOTREXATE TREATMENT

1977

NOAWARD GIVEN

1978

MelvinJ. Glimcher, MD

THEBIOLOGY OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE HUMAN FEMORAL HEAD AND ITS CLINICALIMPLICATIONS

1979

FrederickA. Matsen III, MD

INCREASEDTISSUE PRESSURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON MUSCLE OXYGENATION IN LEVEL AND ELEVATEDHUMAN LIMBS

RobertO. Becker, MD

THESIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED OSTEOGENESIS:  MORE QUESTIONS THAN ANSWERS

1980

TillmanM. Moore, MD

FRACTUREDISLOCATION OF THE KNEE

1981

O.Donald Chrisman, MD

THERELATIONSHIP OF MECHANICAL TRAUMA AND THE EARLY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OFOSTEOARTHRITIC CARTILAGE

1982

TerryR. Light, MD

REGIONALOSSEOUS BLOOD FLOW, QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES ANDRELATIONSHIP OF PERFUSION TO 99, Tc-MDP AND MICROORGANISM DISTRIBUTION

1983

NOAWARD GIVEN

1984

T.Derek Cooke, MA, MB, BCHIR, FACS

DELETERIOUSINTERACTIONS OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN CARTILAGE OF EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNE ARTHRITISI. THE EROSION OF PANNUS FREE HYALINE CARTILAGE

1985

NOAWARD GIVEN

1986

HabilK. Draenert, MD

HISTOMORPHOLOGICALOBSERVATIONS ON EXPERIMENTS TO IMPROVE THE BONE TO BONE CEMENT CONTACT

1987

KeithL. Markolf, PhD, Harlan C. Amstutz, MD

THECLINICAL RELEVANCE OF INSTRUMENTED TESTING FOR ACL INSUFFICIENCY:  EXPERIENCE WITH THE UCLA CLINICAL KNEETESTING APPARATUS

1988

StevenGoldstein, PhD, Larry S. Matthews, MD

THEMECHANICAL AND REMODELING CHARACTERISTICS OF TRABECULAR BONE

1989

RichardH. Gelberman, MD, Bjorn L. Rydevik, MD, Robert M. Szabo, MD, Goran N. Lundborg,MD

PERIPHERALNERVE COMPRESSION EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOCARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

JuanJ. Rodrigo, MD

INHIBITIONOF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO FRESH OSTEOARTICULAR ALLOGRAFTS

1990

JohnF. Connolly, MD, Louis Lippiello, PhD, Basil Strates, MD

BONEMARROW OSTEOGENESIS

1991

PaulR. Manske, MD

INTRINSICRESPONSE OF THE FLEXOR TENDON TO INJURY

1992

DavidJ. Zaleske, MD

EPIPHYSEALRECONSTRUCTION

1993   NO AWARD GIVEN

1994

RobertBourne, MD, FRCS, Cecil H. Rorabeck, MD, FRCS, Andreas Laupacis, MD, FRCS,David Feeney, PhD, Cindy Wong, M.Sc., Peter Tugwell, MD, M.Sc., Karen Leslie,RN, Ruth Bullas

ARANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING CEMENTED TO CEMENTLESS TOTAL HIPREPLACEMENT

JosephS. Torg, MD, Lawrence Thibault, Sc.D., Brian Sennett, MD

EPIDEMIOLOGY,PATHOMECHANICS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY

1995

RichardR. Pelker, MD, PhD, Gary E. Friedlaender, MD

FRACTUREHEALING:  RADIATION INDUCED ALTERATIONS

1996

WilliamG. Cole, MB, BS, PhD, FRCS(C)

THEMOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

1997

CliffordW. Colwell, Jr., MD, Beverly A. Morris, RN, CnP, Mary E. Hardwick, RN, MSN,Richard H. Walker, MD

VENOUSTHROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE PROPHYLAXIS AND SURVEILLANCE IN HIP AND KNEEARTHROPLASTY

1998

Gwo-JawWang, MD, Quanjun Cui, MD, Gary Balian, MD

THEPATHOGENESIS AND PREVENTION OF STEROID-INDUCED OSTEONECROSIS

1999

C.Vaughan A. Bowen, MD, FRCS(C), MBChB, Martin I. Boyer, MD, FRCS(C)

VASCULARISEDEPIPHYSEAL PLATE TRANSPLANTATION

A.Hari Reddi, PhD

MOLECULARBIOLOGY OF BONE AND JOINT MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS TO ORTHOPAEDIC TISSUEENGINEERING

2000

NOAWARD GIVEN

2001

NOAWARD GIVEN

2002

DanaC. Mears, MD, PhD, John H. Velyvis, MD

THEMANAGEMENT OF A DISPLACED ACETABULAR FRACTURE

RichardL. Lieber, PhD, Jan Fridén, MD, PhD

SKELETALMUSCLE DESIGN AND FUNCTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR UPPER EXTREMITY SURGICALRECONSTRUCTION

2003

JamesAronson, MD

THELOSS AND RECOVERY OF ENDOSTEAL OSTEOGENIC POTENTIAL WITH AGING: FGF-2BIOMEDIATION OF COUPLED OSTEOGENESIS AND ANGIOGENESIS DURING TIBIAL DISTRACTIONIN THE AGED RAT

2004

ChristopherH. Evans, PhD, Steven C. Ghivizzani, PhD, Paul D. Robbins, PhD

ORTHOPAEDICGENE THERAPY

2005

VincentD. Pellegrini, Jr., MD

MALADYAT THE BASE OF THE THUMB: TRAPEZIOMETACARPAL OSTEOARTHRITIS, FRACTURE, ANDINSTABILITY WITH REFLECTIONS ON THE ANATOMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN THUMB

2006

CatoT. Laurencin, MD, PhD, Yusuf Khan, PhD, Michele Kofron, MS, Saadiq El-Amin, MD,PhD, Edward Botchwey, PhD, Xiaojun Yu, PhD, James Cooper, PhD

TISSUEENGINEERING OF BONE AND LIGAMENT: A FIFTEEN YEAR PERSPECTIVE

2007

EduardoA. Salvati, MD, Nigel E. Sharrock, MB, ChB, Geoffrey Westrich, MD, Hollis G.Potter, MD, Alejandro Gonzalez Della Valle, MD, Thomas P. Sculco, MD

THREEDECADES OF CLINICAL, BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH ON THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE AFTERTOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

2008

HenryH. Bohlman, MD

SPINE:THE THIRTY YEAR EVOLUTION

2009

ThomasD. Brown, PhD, Hannah Lundberg, MD, Douglas Pedersen, MD, John J. Callaghan, MD

CLINICALBIOMECHANICS OF THIRD BODY ACCELERATION OF TOTAL HIP WEAR

2010

FarshidGuilak, PhD, Bradley T. Estes, Brian O. Dickman, Franklin T. Moutos, Jeffrey M.Gimble

MULTIPOTENTADULT STEM CELLS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE: APPLICATIONS IN MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUE ENGINEERING

2011

DarrylD. D’Lima, MD, PhD, Shantanu Patil, MD, Nicolai Steklov, BS, Clifford W.Colwell, Jr., MD

LAB-IN-A-KNEE:  IN VIVO KNEE FORCES, KINEMATICS, AND

CONTACTANALYSIS

2012

TimothyE. Hewett, PhD, FACSM, Gregory D. Myer, PhD, Kevin R. Ford, PhD, Mark V.Paterno, PhD, Carmen E. Quatman, MD, PhD

SEQUENCEOF PREVENTION – A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PREVENT ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTINJURY

2013

NOAWARD GIVEN

2014

AmyL. Ladd, MD

THEPUZZLE OF THE THUMB - MOBILITY, STABILITY, AND DEMANDS IN OPPOSITION

2015

NOAWARD GIVEN

2016

NOAWARD GIVEN