功德无量：首支疟疾疫苗启用
Today health officials are making history.
今天，卫生官员们正在创造历史。
They're rolling out the first approved vaccine aimed at stopping a human parasite.
他们正推出第一种被批准的，旨在阻止人类寄生虫的疫苗。
It's for malaria — and the hopes are that one day the vaccine could save the lives of tens of thousands of children each year.
这疫苗是针对疟疾的，他们希望有一天这种疫苗能拯救每年成千上万儿童的生命。
"This [rollout] is a massive success of the research community," says Dr. Pedro Alonso, who directs the Global Malaria Programme at the World Health Organization.
世界卫生组织负责全球疟疾规划的佩德罗·阿隆索博士说:“这（次疫苗的推出）是研究界的巨大成功。”
This vaccine — called RTS,S — is one of the few immunizations designed and launched specifically to help young children in Africa, says Deborah Atherly at PATH, a nonprofit that helped develop the immunization.
这种疫苗被称为RTS,S，是为数不多的专为帮助非洲儿童而设计和推出的免疫疫苗之一，来自PATH的德博拉.阿瑟利说道，PATH是一家帮助开发这种疫苗的非营利组织。
"It's a pro-poor vaccine, if you will," Atherly says.
阿瑟利说:“可以说，这是一种面向穷人的疫苗。”
"I think that's also a really important milestone in vaccine development and introduction."
“我认为这也是疫苗开发和引进的一个非常重要的里程碑。”
Malaria is still a top killer of children worldwide but children in Africa are most affected.
疟疾仍然是全球儿童的头号杀手，但非洲儿童受影响是最大的。
Every two minutes a child or baby there dies of the disease.
每两分钟就有一个孩子或婴儿死于这种疾病。
Some child can have up to six bouts of malaria in just one year, says Dr. Mary Hamel of WHO.
世界卫生组织的玛丽·哈默尔博士说，一些儿童在一年之内可能会患六次疟疾。
The vaccine took more than 30 years — and more than $500 million — to develop.
这种疫苗花了30多年时间，耗资5亿多美元才研制成功。
It was an international collaboration among WHO, PATH, the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline and a network of African countries.
这是世卫组织、PATH、制药公司葛兰素史克和一个非洲国家网络之间展开的国际合作。
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation — which is a sponsor of and also a funder of the vaccine.
比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会是疫苗的建立者之一。
On Tuesday, toddlers in Malawi will start receiving the immunization.
周二，马拉维的幼儿将开始接受免疫接种。
Then children in Ghana and Kenya will follow shortly.
不久之后，加纳和肯尼亚的儿童也将接种疫苗。
The goal is to vaccinate about 360,000 children in this large-scale pilot project.
目标是在这个大规模的试点项目中为大约36万名儿童接种疫苗。
And then WHO will determine the best way to roll out the vaccine elsewhere, Atherly says.
然后，世卫组织将确定出在其他地方推广疫苗的最佳方式，阿瑟利说。
The big question is: Will this vaccine work as well in the real world as it has in clinical trials, says epidemiologist William Moss, who directs the International Vaccine Access Center.
领导国际疫苗获取中心的流行病学家威廉.莫斯说，最大的问题是:这种疫苗在现实世界中会像在临床试验中一样有效吗?
"The launch of the malaria vaccine is a really a landmark," Moss says, "but the the vaccine's efficacy is much lower than that for many of our other childhood vaccines."
莫斯说:“疟疾疫苗的推出确实是一个里程碑，但是这种疫苗的效力远远低于我们许多其他儿童疫苗。”
In a large trial, the vaccine reduced the number of clinical malaria cases by about 40 percent and severe malaria cases by about 30 percent, Moss says.
莫斯说，在一项大规模试验中，这种疫苗使临床疟疾病例减少了约40%，使严重疟疾病例减少了约30%。
By comparison, some childhood vaccines offer more than 90 percent protection.
相比之下，另外一些儿童疫苗可以提供超过90%的保护。
Parasites, such as malaria, are more complex than viruses and bacteria, Moss says.
莫斯说，疟疾等寄生虫比病毒和细菌更为复杂。
They can have more sophisticated machinery for evading our immune system.
它们可以拥有更复杂的机制来逃避我们的免疫系统。
So creating effective vaccines against them is quite challenging, he says.
因此，研制针对它们的有效疫苗是相当具有挑战性的，他说。
Still, Moss thinks the vaccine could have a significant impact on children's health because malaria is so common in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
尽管如此，莫斯认为该疫苗仍然可能对儿童健康产生重大影响，因为疟疾在撒哈拉以南非洲部分地区非常常见。
"There are estimates that one life would be saved for every 200 children who are vaccinated," he says.
他说:“据估计，每200名接种疫苗的儿童中就会有1人获救。”
Another issue with the vaccine is that children need four doses.
疫苗的另一个问题是儿童需要四剂注射。
That means four trips to the clinic — which could be tough for some families in rural areas, Moss says.
莫斯说，这意味着要去四次诊所，这对农村地区的一些家庭来说可能很难。
But PATH's Atherly thinks many families will want to make the extra trips.
但是PATH的阿瑟利认为，很多家庭还是愿意多跑几趟。
"Just from a human perspective, I think if a mom can provide something for her child that will help control this disease, she will," Atherly says.
阿瑟利说:“就从人性的角度来看，我认为如果一位母亲能为她的孩子提供一些有助于控制这种疾病的东西，她就会这么做。”
"We believe there will be a lot of demand from the mothers and other caregivers. "
“我们相信母亲和其他护理人员会有很多需求。”
问题：
文中提到了这支针对疟疾的疫苗有哪些特点呢？
A.价格不贵
B.需要多次接种
C.效力不如别的疫苗高
D.为儿童研制
留言回复正确选项，前十名朋友可以获得红包奖励哦，赶快来试试吧！
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