综述|基于微小RNA的基因调控：作物改善的潜在方法
开发抗环境胁迫的高产作物以保障世界上不断增长的人口的粮食是一项重大挑战。基于microRNA (miRNA)的植物基因工程是解决这一问题的一个很有前景的策略。miRNAs是一类小的非编码RNA，通过在翻译或翻译后靶向mRNA，通过切割或翻译抑制来调节基因表达。miRNA介导的调控涉及多种生物过程，包括生长发育调控、作物产量调控、籽粒品质调控、生物和非生物胁迫适应等。本文综述了近年来植物miRNA及其用于作物性状改良的靶标相关技术的研究进展。这些技术包括miRNA或靶点的组织特异性获得/失去表达，人工靶点模拟技术，人工miRNA, RNA干扰等。此外，这些技术还可以减少化肥的使用，并有助于生态友好型作物的生产。然而，基因工程植物的发展也可能存在一些缺陷。总之，基于miRNA的技术为我们在作物保护和改良中开发新策略提供了一个潜在的途径。
Development of environmental stress resistant high yielding crops to secure the food of growing population in the world is a supreme challenge. One of the promising strategies to cope up with this problem is microRNA (miRNA)-based genetic engineering of plant. miRNAs are class of small non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression by cleavage or translational inhibition by targeting mRNA during translation or post translation. miRNA- mediated regulation is involved in various biological processes viz. growth and developmental regulation, agricultural traits like biomass yield, grain quality regulation, biotic and abiotic stress adaptations etc. In this review we have underlined the recent progresses of plant miRNA and their target associated technologies used for crop trait improvement. The technologies include gain/loss of expression in constitutive, tissue-specific manner of miRNA or targets, artificial target mimic technology, artificial miRNA, RNA interference etc. Additionally, these technologies may also decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and help in eco friendly crop production. However, development of genetically engineered plants may have some drawbacks too, which has also been discussed. Together, miRNA based technology provides us a potential approach to develop novel strategies in crop plant protection and improvement.
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