颈椎后路常见的英文词语与表达
脊髓型颈椎病是颈椎病中较为常见的一种类型，其发病率为１２％～３０％，以４０～６０岁的中年人多见。近年来，由于人们生活及工作方式的改变，其发病率逐渐增高，发病年龄也逐渐年轻化。一般认为，对于多节段ＣＳＭ（３个或３个以上节段），颈椎后路手术可以在保证安全的前提下从后方扩大椎管，使脊髓向背侧移位，达到减压的目的。关于颈椎后路术式又有哪些英文表达，一起来学习一下吧~
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common diagnosis requiring surgical intervention among patients presenting with disorders of the spine. A variety of well-known pathological processes, either congenital or acquired, can lead to canal compromise and myelopathy.
在出现脊柱疾病的患者中，脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）是一种常见的，需要手术干预的情况。多种常见的病理机制，包括先天性与获得性疾病，可导致椎管问题与脊髓压迫。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Congenital 先天性的 acquired 获得性的，后天的
Compromise 受损，意思比较宽泛，包括了各种各样的问题
Although well-designed clinical trials are lacking, the existing literature suggests that operative intervention reliably arrests the progression of myelopathy and may lead to functional improvement in the majority of patients. The success of any operative procedure is dependent on a comprehensive evaluation of the individual patient’s clinical and radiographic characteristics.
尽管缺乏设计良好的临床试验，现有文献显示手术干预能可靠终止脊髓型颈椎病的进展，在大部分患者中可获得功能改善。任何手术的成功取决于对每一患者的临床与影像学特征进行全面评估。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Trial：临床试验。Research：狭义的research特指实验室研究。Study可泛指一切研究
Arrest：终止。在脊柱畸形中，arrest还能与growth搭配使用
Procedure：广义指各种手术或操作，狭义指手术的具体术式
The goals of operative intervention in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy include the following: (a) decompression of the spinal cord and nerve roots; (b) deformity prevention by maintaining or supplementing spinal stability; and (c) alleviating pain.
脊髓型颈椎病的手术干预目标包括：（a）脊髓与神经根减压；（b）通过维持或支持脊柱稳定预防畸形；以及（c）缓解疼痛
专业词汇整理与扩展
Alleviate：缓解，减少。缓解疼痛还可以说relieve pain，decrease pain
Maintain stability：维持稳定
Achieving these goals will translate into improved clinical outcomes with stabilization or reversal of neurologic deficits, decreased pain, and maximal functional restoration. A number of surgical strategies exist, including anterior, posterior, or circumferential approaches. The surgical management of patients presenting with CSM requires a comprehensive evaluation and individualized approach.
如果能实现这些目标，则可改善临床结果，使神经损害不再进展或好转，减少疼痛并且尽量恢复功能。有多种不同的手术侧缺，包括前路、后路或前后联合入路。CSM患者的手术治疗需要全面评估与个体化原则。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Translate into 转化为 转化医学 translational medicine
Neurologic deficit 神经损害。Nerve injury侧重于物质而neurologic deficit侧重于功能。也可简称neuro deficit
Circumferential 环绕的 也可称为360°
Anterior exposure may be exceedingly difficult for obese patients or patients with short thick neck. There is less risk of unintentional dura tear and CSF leak with a posterior approach, particularly in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament where the ventral dura is attenuated or absent.
对于肥胖或粗短颈患者，前路显露难度较大。后路的意外硬膜撕裂与脑脊液漏风险较低，特别是对于OPLL造成腹侧硬膜较薄弱或缺如的患者。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Exceedingly：特别的，过分的
Unintentional：意外的
Obese：肥胖的，obesity的形容词
Attenuated：减弱的，例如“attenuated live vaccine”减毒活疫苗
Absent：缺如
Typical indications for anterior and posterior approaches for cervical spondylotic myelopathy include: primarily posterior compression, ≥3 levels of disease, normal or lordotic alignment, presence of congenital canal stenosis, free of radiculopathy, presence of OPLL.
脊髓型颈椎病的典型后路适应症包括：压迫主要来自后方，3个节段或以上疾病，正常或前凸对线，先天性椎管狭窄，无根性症状，以及OPLL。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Primarily：主要的，占主要地位的
Lordotic：lordosis的形容词
Free of：无
Presence of：有
Various lateral mass screw insertion techniques have been described in the literature, including Roy-Camille, Magerl and modified Magerl technique. From a clinical perspective, there is no difference in the complication rate between the different techniques.
文献中描述了多种侧块螺钉植入技术，包括Roy-Camille，Magerl和改良Magerl技术。从临床上看，在不同的技术之间并发症率没有差异。
专业词汇整理与扩展
From…perspective：从…的角度，从…的观点，也可以说from a…angle
The surgeon needs to develop a clear understanding of the anatomy, perform an appropriate exposure, and study preoperative imaging in order to obtain the optimal screw insertion. Lateral mass and pedicle landmarks must be clearly identified for appropriate placement of screws.
外科医师需要对解剖有清楚认识，进行正确显露并在术前研究影像资料，以获得最佳的螺钉植入效果。必须清楚辨认侧块与椎弓根解剖标志，以正确植入螺钉。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Develop understanding：建立认知，也可以说gain understanding
Landmark：解剖标志
Rods are reduced into screw heads which are to be locked by set screws. As appropriate, a cross link may be used. The posterolateral spine, including the facet joints, is decorticated and the grafting material, such as autologous bone from spinous process and lamina, is impacted across the spine and into the facet joints.
将棒插入螺钉头内，用锁帽锁紧。根据需要使用横连。对脊柱后外侧，包括小关节进行去皮质处理。将植骨材料如来自棘突与椎板的自体骨填入脊柱与小关节内。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Set screw：锁帽/螺塞，也有称为locking cap，innie。与bone screw骨螺钉相对
Crosslink：横连
Decorticate：去皮质。
Impact：填塞。Impact grafting即为打压植骨
Cervical spine laminoplasty is a treatment for multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) without accompanying instability or cervical kyphosis. The goal is to decompress the spinal canal and the spinal cord without destabilizing the spine. If a posterior approach is indicated and the spinal column is stable, laminoplasty is one of the options.
颈椎椎板成形术用于治疗不伴随不稳或颈椎后凸的多节段脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）。手术目标为对椎管与脊髓进行减压，而不造成脊柱的不稳。如果患者具有后路减压的适应症，而脊柱是稳定的，椎板成形术是手术的选择之一。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Accompanying：伴随的
Destabilizing：使…出现不稳
Be indicated：具有。。。的适应症/指征，e.g. surgery is indicated, fusion is indicated, amputation is indicated
Laminoplasty allows the surgeon to leave the posterior elements of the spine in place and not perform multi-level fusions. The two most commonly performed techniques of laminoplasty are the open-door and double-door (or “French-door”) techniques.
椎板成形术让外科医生避免破坏脊柱的后方结构与多节段融合。椎板成形术的两种最常见技术为单开门或双开门技术。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Leave…in place：字面意思为留在原位，意即不破坏，不切除，保留。也可以说preserve
French-door：两边开的门
In a open door laminoplasty, the surgeon will cut through one side of the lamina, generally on the side where the patient’s symptoms are worse. A V shaped trough is created on the opposite side. The lamina is “hinged” open to one side by closing down on the trough and opening the cut in the lamina. A bone graft can be used to distract or hold the space thereby increasing the space available for the spinal cord.
开展单开门式椎板成形术时，医师将切开一侧的椎板，一般是患者症状较重的那一侧。在对侧磨出一条V型槽。以这条槽为轴，将切开的椎板向一侧移开。可使用植骨块撑开或维持空间，因此扩大容纳脊髓的空间。
专业词汇整理与扩展
Hinge：轴 这里是将名词活用为动词
Hold the space：维持空间
Trough：谷、凹槽
Space available for the spinal cord：脊髓的可用空间
Available 的用途非常广，例如”This device is not available in our hospital”—我们医院没有该产品。
A mid-line or French door laminoplasty is when the surgeon creates V-shaped troughs on both sides of the lamina. The spinous process is split vertically and is hinged open. A bone graft is used to hold the newly created space between the split spinous process open.
行中线椎板成形术，即双开门式椎板成形术时，医师在双侧均磨出V型槽。纵向劈开棘突并以V型槽为轴，将椎板打开。放置移植骨块，维持棘突劈裂后提供的空间。
Finally a mini-plate is inserted and fixed to maintain the position of lamina and bone graft as well as the enlarged spinal canal space. The advantages of the open-door unilateral laminoplasty over standard laminectomy and fusion include a more minimally invasive approach, the avoidance of fusion and the possible resultant complications related to fusion, less blood loss and a faster, less painful recovery period.
最后植入迷你板进行固定，以维持椎板与植骨块，以及扩大的椎管容积。单开门椎板成形术相比标准椎板切除与融合术的优势在于，其入路更为微创，可避免融合，以及减少融合造成的并发症，较少的失血量与更快、疼痛程度更轻的恢复期。
专业词汇整理与扩展
注意，advantage后接的介词为over
Resultant：造成的，结果的
Exercise
Some questions you may ask yourself before a laminectomy case：
What is the alignment of the cervical spine?
How rigid is the deformity?
What is the nature of the pathologic process?
How many spinal levels are involved?
What is the patient’s baseline medical status?
Does the patient complain of significant axial neck pain?