莫奈眼中的老师，印象派的直接启蒙者，荷兰画家约翰·琼坎德油画欣赏

·Johan Barthold Jongkind

约翰·巴索尔德·琼坎德

荷兰画家, (1819-1891)

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约翰·巴索尔德·琼坎德（Johan Barthold Jongkind 1819～1891年）是荷兰画家和版画家。他自由地画海洋景观，被认为是印象派的先驱。常用水彩进行户外写生，然后再加工为油画，他的油画保持了写生稿的生动性，色彩感觉极佳。

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Jongkind出生在荷兰的奥维西尔省的拉特罗普镇，靠近德国边境。1846年，他在海牙的艺术学院接受安德烈亚斯·舍尔福Andreas Schelfhout）的培训，之后移居法国巴黎的蒙帕纳斯（Montparnasse），在尤金·伊莎贝（EugèneIsabey）和弗朗索瓦·爱德华·皮克（François-ÉdouardPicot）的指导下学习。两年后，巴黎沙龙接受了他的作品参加展览，得到了评论家查尔斯·鲍德莱尔（Charles Baudelaire）和后来的埃米尔·佐拉（ÉmileZola）的好评。然而，他几乎没有成功，他还经历了一系列抑郁症，并伴有酗酒。

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Jongkind于1855年回到鹿特丹，并在那里居住直到1860年。1861年回到巴黎，他在蒙帕纳斯（Montparnasse）的Chevreuse街上租了一个工作室，在那里他的一些画作开始显现出即将来临的印象派风格。

1862年，他在诺夫底的翁弗勒尔（Honfleur）著名的圣西蒙（Saint-Siméon）遇见了他的一些艺术家朋友，例如阿尔弗雷德·西斯莱（Alfred Sisley），欧仁·布丹（EugèneBoudin）和年轻的克劳德·莫奈（Claude Monet），Jongkind曾为他们担任导师。Jongkind可以说是印象派的直接启蒙者。莫奈后来称他为“ ...一个沉默寡言的人，他的才能无以言表”，并将自己眼中的“权威教育”归功于Jongkind。1863年，Jongkind拒绝在第一届的沙龙中展出。1874年他受邀参加印象派团体的第一次展览，但他也拒绝了。

1878年，Jongkind和他的同伴约泽·菲尼·费瑟（José Phine Fesser）移居到法国东南部伊塞尔省格勒诺布尔附近的小镇La Côte-Saint-André居住。他于1891年在同一省的圣埃格里夫去世。他被安葬在La Côte-Saint-André的墓地。在阿姆斯特丹Overtoomse Veld Noord，一条街道是以他的名字命名，在以19世纪和20世纪荷兰画家命名的街道附近。