百善孝为先，菌群请上前——健康从“骨”至今
摘要
目的：从横断面和前瞻性角度描述肠道微生物群特征与骨质疏松发生的联系。
方法：该研究是广州营养与健康研究(GNHS)的一部分。横断面研究包含1776名参与者，其数据来自GNHS的第二次随访，其中517名参与者参加了第三次随访(平均为第二次随访后3.2年)，被纳入队列研究。第二次随访时采用16S扩增子测序测定肠道微生物群，第二次和第三次随访时采用双能x线骨密度仪检测骨质疏松症。利用LDA效应量研究了横断面水平上肠道微生物群与骨质疏松症的相关性，并利用鉴定出的微生物标志物构建了微生物评分，并用多元线性回归整合了它们与骨质疏松症相关的主要功能模块，然后使用logistic回归检验了微生物评分与骨质疏松程度变化的相关性。
结果：肠道菌群β-多样性与骨质疏松症有关。腰椎骨质疏松症与肠道微生物中的2个属相关，股骨颈骨质疏松症与10个属相关。在横断面研究中，微生物评分与骨质疏松呈正相关，在队列研究中同样观察到了相同方向的相关性。腰椎骨质疏松症患者的微生物群中含有更多与肽酶相关的基因，而股骨颈骨质疏松症与转录机制正相关。
结论：这些分析在横断面和纵向水平上提供了目前规模最大、最详细的骨质疏松症中肠道微生物组的构成及功能图谱。
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原文名称：Associations of Gut Microbiota with Osteoporosis in Elderly Chinese: A Cohort Study
原文信息：Chu-Wen Ling, Ze-Lei Miao, Hong-Wei Zhou, Yan He, Ju-Sheng Zheng, Yu-Ming Chen
Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue Supplement_2, June 2020, Page 48
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_048
原文链接：https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/4/Supplement_2/48/5844616
原文：
Published: 29 May 2020
Abstract
Objectives
The objective was to characterize the gut microbiome in cross-sectional and prospective connection to the development of osteoporosis.
Methods
The study was embedded in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). Data with 1776 participants for the cross-sectional study was from the second follow-up, 517 participants of whom during the third follow-up (a mean of 3.2 years after the second follow-up) were included in the longitudinal study. Gut microbiota was determined using 16S amplicon sequencing during the second follow-up, while the examination of osteoporosis was performed using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry during the second and third follow-up. We used LDA Effect Size to investigate the cross-sectional association of gut microbiota with osteoporosis and we constructed microbe scores with identified microbe biomarkers and integrated their main functional modules associated with osteoporosis with multiple linear regression. We then examined the association of microbe scores with change in the degree of osteoporosis using logistic regression.
Results
β-diversity of gut microbiota was associated with osteoporosis. Lumbar spine osteoporosis was associated with 2 genus, while femoral neck osteoporosis was associated with 10 genus. The microbe scores showed cross-sectional positive associations with osteoporosis and the microbe score-osteoporosis associations with same direction were showed in the longitudinal study. The microbiomes of participants with lumbar spine osteoporosis contained more genes that were related to peptidases, while femoral neck osteoporosis was positively associated with transcription machinery.
Conclusions
These analyses provide the largest and detailed cross-sectional and longitudinal composition and functional profile of the gut microbiome in osteoporosis.
Funding Sources
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Westlake University and Sun Yat-sen University.
▲ 编译：刘颖 初审：王筱笛 审稿人：那立欣
摘要：高血压是全世界可预防性死亡的主要原因，每年导致超过900万人死亡，主要死于心血管疾病。肥胖、缺乏运动和饮酒与血压升高（BP）的关联已被证实。减重或其他饮食策略，如DASH饮食，已被证明可有效降低血压。此外，特定的营养素被认为会影响血压，钠摄入量越高，高血压患病风险就越高，而钾摄入量越高，高血压患病风险就越低。值得注意的是，新出现的证据表明，一碳代谢和相关的B族维生素（尤其是核黄素），对BP有新的作用。特别是对于有遗传性高血压患病风险的成年人，由于亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）中常见的C677T多态性，随机试验显示补充核黄素（MTHFR的辅助因子）可使收缩压降低高达13 mmHg。鉴于收缩压降低10mmHg可能降低40%的卒中风险，因此这种程度干预的血压反应可能产生重要的临床影响。这篇综述旨在探讨全生命周期中引发高血压的危险因素，并严格评估营养（尤其是叶酸相关的B族维生素）对BP和引发高血压风险的作用的支持性证据。此外，还将明确对于该领域的未来研究来说，现有知识体系中存在的空白之处。
关键词：高血压，妊娠期高血压，一碳代谢，叶酸相关的B族维生素
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原文名称：Critical review of nutrition, blood pressure and risk of hypertension through the lifecycle: do B vitamins play a role?
原文信息：Biochimie June 2020
DOI：10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.016
原文：
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide, contributing to over 9 million deaths per annum, predominantly owing to cardiovascular disease. The association of obesity, physical inactivity and alcohol with elevated blood pressure (BP) is firmly established. Weight loss or other dietary strategies, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, have been shown to be effective in lowering BP. Additionally, specific nutrients are recognised to contribute to BP, with higher sodium intake linked with an increased risk of hypertension, while potassium is associated with a reduced risk of hypertension. Of note, emerging evidence has identified a novel role for one-carbon metabolism and the related B vitamins, particularly riboflavin, in BP. Specifically in adults genetically at risk of developing hypertension, owing to the common C677T polymorphism in MTHFR, supplemental riboflavin (co-factor for MTHFR) was shown in randomised trials to lower systolic BP by up to 13 mmHg. A BP response to intervention of this magnitude could have important clinical impacts, given that a reduction in systolic BP of 10 mmHg is estimated to decrease stroke risk by 40%. This review aims to explore the factors contributing to hypertension across the lifecycle and to critically evaluate the evidence supporting a role for nutrition, particularly folate-related B vitamins, in BP and risk of hypertension. In addition, gaps in our current knowledge that warrant future research in this area, will be identified.
Keywords: Blood pressureHypertensionHypertension in pregnancyOne-carbon metabolismFolate-related B vitamins
▲ 编译：贾静怡 初审：姚歆远 审稿人：蒋燕
摘要
背景：抗阻运动恢复过程中，蛋白质摄入会增加骨骼肌蛋白质的合成速率。
目的：本研究的目的是观察联合使用不同剂量的膳食蛋白质与碳水化合物对抗阻运动恢复期全身蛋白质代谢以及骨骼肌肌原纤维蛋白质合成（MyoPS）和线粒体蛋白质合成（MitoPS）速率的影响。
方法：本项目为随机、双盲、平行分组研究，48名年轻、健康、经过耐力训练的男性（平均年龄27±1岁）在抗阻运动后，注射预先准备的L-[ring-2H5]-苯丙氨酸、L -[ring-3,5-2H2]-酪氨酸和L-[1-13C]-亮氨酸，并分别摄入45g碳水化合物和含有被L-[1-13C]-苯丙氨酸、L-[1-13C]-亮氨酸标记的0 g（0 g PRO）、15 g（15 g PRO）、30 g（30 g PRO）或45 g（45 g PRO）牛奶蛋白。运动后恢复期的360分钟内收集血液和肌肉活检样本，以评估全身蛋白质代谢以及MyoPS、MitoPS速率。
结果：蛋白质摄入后约70％～74％的膳食蛋白质衍生的苯丙氨酸出现在循环系统中。分别摄入0、15、30或45 g蛋白质后，全身净蛋白质平衡呈剂量依赖性增加（苯丙氨酸平均值±标准误分别为−0.31±0.16、5.08±0.21、10.04±0.30和13.49±0.55μmol·kg−1·h−1，P<0.001）。与0 g PRO组相比，30 g PRO刺激MyoPS速率（％/h）增加约46％，足以在耐力运动后达到MyoPS速率最大化。蛋白质摄入后，MitoPS速率没有增加；然而，摄入15、30和45 g蛋白后，膳食蛋白质来源的L-[1-13C]-苯丙氨酸与线粒体蛋白的结合在运动后360分钟呈剂量依赖性增加（摩尔百分比分别增加0.018±0.002、0.034±0.002、0.046±0.003，P<0.001）。
结论：抗阻运动后摄入的蛋白质被有效消化吸收至循环系统。全身净蛋白质平衡和膳食蛋白质衍生氨基酸与线粒体蛋白结合随蛋白质摄入的增加而增加，呈剂量依赖性。摄入30g蛋白质足以使单次耐力运动恢复期间的MyoPS速率最大化。
该试验在Trialregister.nl中注册为NTR5111。
关键词：肌原纤维蛋白合成，线粒体蛋白合成，骨骼肌，剂量反应，膳食蛋白，碳水化合物，抗阻运动，年轻男性
主题：有氧运动，线粒体，氨基酸，碳水化合物，膳食蛋白质，GTP，结合蛋白，亮氨酸，牛奶蛋白，线粒体蛋白质，骨骼肌，苯丙氨酸，蛋白质生物合成，摄取，蛋白质代谢。
发表栏目：原创研究交流。
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原文名称：Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men: a double-blind randomized trial
原文信息：ajcn，August 2020
DOI：10.1093/ajcn/nqaa073
原文链接：https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/112/2/303/5828186
原文：
Background
Protein ingestion increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise.
Objectives
We aimed to determine the effect of graded doses of dietary protein co-ingested with carbohydrate on whole-body protein metabolism, and skeletal muscle myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise.
Methods
In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 48 healthy, young, endurance-trained men (mean ± SEM age: 27 ± 1 y) received a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine and ingested 45 g carbohydrate with either 0 (0 g PRO), 15 (15 g PRO), 30 (30 g PRO), or 45 (45 g PRO) g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]-leucine labeled milk protein after endurance exercise. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected over 360 min of postexercise recovery to assess whole-body protein metabolism and both MyoPS and MitoPS rates.
Results
Protein intake resulted in ∼70%–74% of the ingested protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 0, 15, 30, or 45 g protein (mean ± SEM: −0.31± 0.16, 5.08 ± 0.21, 10.04 ± 0.30, and 13.49 ± 0.55 μmol phenylalanine · kg−1 · h−1, respectively; P < 0.001). 30 g PRO stimulated a ∼46% increase in MyoPS rates (%/h) compared with 0 g PRO and was sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates after endurance exercise. MitoPS rates were not increased after protein ingestion; however, incorporation of dietary protein–derived L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into de novo mitochondrial protein increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 15, 30, and 45 g protein at 360 min postexercise (0.018 ± 0.002, 0.034 ± 0.002, and 0.046 ± 0.003 mole percentage excess, respectively; P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Protein ingested after endurance exercise is efficiently digested and absorbed into the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance and dietary protein–derived amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial protein respond to increasing protein intake in a dose-dependent manner. Ingestion of 30 g protein is sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates during recovery from a single bout of endurance exercise.
This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NTR5111.
Keywords
myofibrillar protein synthesis, mitochondrial protein synthesis, skeletal muscle, dose-response, dietary protein, carbohydrate, endurance exercise, young men
Topic: aerobic exercise，mitochondria，amino acids，carbohydrates，dietary proteins，gtp，binding proteins，leucine，milk proteins，mitochondrial proteins，skeletal muscles，phenylalanine，protein biosynthesis，ingestion，protein metabolism，Issue Section: Original Research Communications
▲ 编译：魏佳妤 初审：徐敏洁 审稿人：杜鹏
专家顾问：王晓黎 总策划：张亚捷
专栏主编:张飞 选题组长:谭凯元 编译组长:李晓宇
排版：子月