酗酒,除了骨坏死还有痴呆!
众所周知,长期大量饮酒增加股骨头坏死的风险。
但法国的研究显示:大量饮酒也会增加老年痴呆的风险!
酒中毒性痴呆(alcoholic dementia)或酒精性痴呆是酒精对脑组织的慢性直接作用所致的原发性、特征性痴呆。系长期大量饮酒引起的脑器质性损害,是慢性酒中毒最严重的状态。表现为震颤、谵妄、痉挛发作、急性或慢性人格改变、智力低下、记忆力障碍等。酒中毒性痴呆约占慢性酒中毒患者的2%。 这一诊断名称已被广泛应用,但其命名尚不统一,相近的诊断名称有:酒精性衰退状态、慢性酒精性精神病、酒精性慢性或器质性脑综合征。
随着社会老龄化进程的加快,痴呆逐渐成了一种流行病,也是全球60岁以上人群的主要致残原因。而老年痴呆究竟与哪些因素相关呢?平常的生活习惯日积月累对此必然有较大影响,比如长期大量饮酒。
国际医学期刊《柳叶刀》子刊PUBLIC HEALTH杂志发表了一项来自法国的超过3000万人的回顾性研究,表明大量饮酒是老年痴呆的主要风险因素,并且与早发性痴呆的关系更为明确。
▲研究者在国际期刊《柳叶刀》发表的文章
以往,关于酒精对认知健康的影响的研究结论并不一致:一些研究表明轻度饮酒或许有益健康,而另一些研究则发现酗酒会增加痴呆、癌症等风险。
世界卫生组织(WHO)和欧洲药品管理局将酗酒(长期大量饮酒)定义为:男性每天饮用超过60g的纯酒精,女性每天饮用超过40g纯酒精。(折合成53°的白酒,男性大约2两半、女性1两半,这点量在中国是不是太小儿科了?
)
酒的度数表示酒中含乙醇的体积百分比,通常是以20℃时的体积比表示的,如50度的酒,表示在100毫升的酒中,含有乙醇50毫升(20℃),酒精度一般是以容量来计算,故在酒精浓度后,会加上"Vol. "以示与重量计算之区分。
这篇文章报道,法国2008年至2013年间有31624156人出院,其中1109343人被诊断为痴呆症并被纳入研究,86%的人存在酒精使用障碍(分为酒精滥用和酒精依赖),大多属于酒精依赖。
研究包括了被诊断患有精神和行为障碍或慢性疾病的人,其疾病都是由酒精的慢性有害使用引起的。研究数据显示,超过3%的痴呆病例可归因于酒精相关的脑损伤,近5%的痴呆病例存在其他酒精使用障碍。在5.7万例早发性痴呆患者(65岁以下,占5%)中,这些数值有所增加,其中39%的病例归因于酒精相关的脑损伤,18%的病例存在其他酒精使用障碍。
▲痴呆(A)与早发性痴呆(B)相关统计分析
队列研究结果显示,6.2%的男性病例存在酒精使用障碍,而痴呆症男性中这一比例为16.5%。在女性病例中,这一数据分别为1.5%和4%。
当排除酒精相关的脑损伤这一因素,酒精使用障碍仍然与血管性痴呆和其他类型痴呆症两倍风险的增加有关。具体来说,6.2%的男性出院病例患有酒精使用障碍,而这一比例在血管性痴呆患者中为11.2%,在其他类型痴呆症患者中为9.8%;在女性病例中,这一数据分别为1.5%、3.1%和2.5%。
▲痴呆症在全球分布情况(The British Scholarship Journal)
这些研究结果表明,酒精使用障碍所致的痴呆症情况比之前认为的要严重得多。因此,酗酒是各类痴呆症发病的主要危险因素。社会需要采取多种措施缓解这一情况,比如,控制供应、增加税收、禁止广告和售酒,同时对酒精使用障碍尽早发现和治疗。
英国埃克塞特大学医学院的Clive Ballard教授在相关评论中写道:“这项研究非常重要,强调了酒精使用障碍作为可变风险因素预防痴呆的可能性,这些证据是确凿有力的,为相关公共卫生管理政策提供了明确的信息。”
▲痴呆发病的危险因素
痴呆发病的危险因素:与酒精相关的原发病(Wernicke-Korsakoff综合症、终末期肝病、肝硬化、终末期肝病、癫痫、头部受伤)、血管危险因素(吸烟、肥胖、高血压、Hyperlipidaemia、糖尿病)、心血管疾病(出血性中风、缺血性中风、中风史、短暂性缺血史、中风以外的脑血管疾病、缺血性心脏病、外周动脉疾病、心房纤颤、心脏衰竭)、痴呆的其他危险因素(居住面积较少、教育、居住面积较少、抑郁症、听力损失、视网膜病变、青光眼、睡眠呼吸暂停、慢性肾功能衰竭、甲状腺功能减退、中枢神经系统传染病)。
酒精造成痴呆的机制有:
1.乙醇及其代谢产物乙醛有直接的毒性作用,导致永久性的结构和功能的脑损伤。
2.大量饮酒与硫胺素缺乏相关,导致科尔萨科夫氏症候群。
3.重度饮酒间接与血管危险因素关联,如高血压,出血性中风,心房纤维性颤动的血管性痴呆相关联。
4.最后,大量饮酒与吸烟,抑郁症和低学历,这对老年痴呆症可能的危险因素有关。
参与该研究的Jürgen Rehm博士说:“我们的研究结果表明,重度饮酒和酒精使用障碍是导致痴呆症最重要的危险因素,其中,对65岁前就开始的痴呆尤为重要。酒精使用障碍也与导致痴呆发病的所有其他独立危险因素有关,如吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、抑郁和听力损失等。”
致谢丨中国慢病大数据应用发展联盟、医生汇全科论坛、精准医学
延伸阅读:
参考文献:
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