特殊病例:Hajdu-Cheney综合征(遗传性骨发育不良并肢端溶骨症)
导读:Hajdu-Cheney综合征也称为遗传性骨发育不良并肢端溶骨症,是一种遗传性罕见的骨代谢疾病,以肢端末节骨质溶解,牙齿过早脱落,牙周炎有关。
Fig. 1 Photographs of the superior and inferior extremities of the patient with Hajdu—Cheney syndrome presented in this article demonstrating the extensive bone and connective tissue deformation induced by the Notch-2 gene mutation
图1为hajdu- cheney综合征患者的上下肢照片,展示了由notch - 2基因突变引起的广泛性骨骼和结缔组织形变。图片来源:[1]
病例一:[2]
患者,女,10岁5个月,住院号1149,因生长迟缓八年,脊柱变形一年入院。患儿系第一胎,足月顺产,出生体重3千克,生后母乳喂养,11个月出牙,2岁会走,生长发育明显落后于同龄儿,5岁开始乳牙脱落(齿早脱),曾在当地医院诊断为维生素D缺乏性佝偻病,系统治疗半年,病情无好转。
入院前五年,因咳嗽拍胸片发现骨质疏松,故进一步拍全身骨片,显示全身骨质明显疏松。近一年,出现脊柱变形(驼背),行走困难,双腿呈“X形”生长停滞。父母非近亲结婚,母孕期身体健康,否认服药史,其第5岁,生长发育正常。
查体:体温36.5℃,脉搏102次/分,呼吸26次/分,体重18公斤,身高114厘米,头围50厘米,神志清,精神弱,反应略迟钝,前及颅缝均未闭合,颈短、胸廓呈鸡胸,哈氏沟(+),两肺呼吸音清,心前区无隆起,心尖部未闻及杂音,心律整,心率102次/分,腹平软,肝脾均未艘及,肠鸣音正常,四肢关节松弛,肌张力减弱,脊柱呈后突畸形,上肢肘外翻,下肢呈“X”形腿,踝间距8厘米,四肢末端短小,生理反射均引出,未引出病理反射。
Figure I. Clinical presentation of symptoms in forearms (A). The X-ray of forearms (B).
前臂(A)症状的临床表现。前臂的x光片(B)。图片来源:[3]
Physical examination. Coarse hair, bushy eyebrows, prominent forehead, mid facial flattening, slight antimongoloid slant with prominent epicanthal and nasolabial folds
体格检查。粗糙的头发,浓密的眉毛,突出的前额,中脸的扁平化,轻微的鼻唇沟下斜,有突出的内眦和鼻唇褶皱。图片来源:[4]
病例二:[5]
患者,女,36岁,因指、趾渐进性粗短,腰背酸痛、咳喘31年,近3年反复咯血,于1988年3月15日住院。5岁发现指、趾开始粗大,以后指、趾变短,指甲增厚变小,不能作精细及稍重劳动,活动量稍大则局部痛疼。腰背经常酸痛,11岁、22岁两次因提物腰部扭伤。23岁牙齿松动,相继于25岁全部脱落。自幼患气管炎,气候突变咳喘加重,咳白色粘液样痰,喜暖怕寒。曾在院外诊断为'脊柱骨质疏松症'、'双侧致密性髋骨炎'和'颅骨-骨骼发育异常综合征'。
病例分析
Hajdu-Cheney综合征也称为遗传性骨发育不良并肢端溶骨症。
于1948年和1965年分别由Hajdu和Cheney两位放射科医生进行了病例报道。此后的几十例病例既有呈常染色体显性遗传,也有散发病例。该病是一种累及患者骨骼生长并且逐渐出现指趾末端骨骼溶解的罕见病。
Hajdu Cheney Syndrome(HCS)是一种遗传性罕见的骨代谢疾病,以肢端末节骨质溶解,牙齿过早脱落,牙周炎有关。HCS主要临床特点是身材矮小,脊柱侧凸和后凸畸形,伸长的头骨,小下巴,杵状指,头发粗和眉毛浓密。影像学上最常见的表现是蝶鞍扩大,缝间骨,颅缝宽,正面及上颌窦的缺失。HCS与神经系统异常有关,如视神经头部肿胀和轻度视神经病变,往往是渐进的颅底凹陷症的结果。
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome (HCS) is an inheritable, rare disorder of bone metabolism, associated with acro-osteolysis of the distal phalanges, premature tooth loss, and periodontitis. Main clinical features of HCS include short stature, scoliosis and kyphosis, elongation of skull, small chin, clubbing of fingers, coarse hair and thick eyebrows. Radiographically, the most frequent findings are enlarged sella turcica, wormian bones, persisting wide cranial sutures, absence of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. HCS is associated with neurologic abnormalities, such as optic nerve head swelling and mild optic neuropathy, are often the result of progressive basilar invagination[6]
参考文献(References):
[1] Mattei TA, Rehman AA, Issawi A, Fassett DR. Surgical challenges in the management of cervical kyphotic deformity in patients with severe osteoporosis: an illustrative case of a patient with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. Eur Spine J. 2015. 24(12): 2746-53.
[2] 李桂花. Hajdu-Cheney氏综合征1例. 吉林医学院学报(自然科学版). 1996. (04): 33.
[3] Jerzakowski G, Lasek T, Binkiewicz-Glinska A, Krygier M, Zawadzki P. NOTCH2 genetic mutation and acro-osteolysis-the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. QJM. 2017. 110(2): 115-116.
[4] Kumar MH, Kumar MS, Sivakumar V, Kumar SH. Images in Medicine - Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: A Rare Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016. 10(1): ZJ06-7.
[5] 李克勤. Hajdu-Cheney综合征伴咯血一例. 遗传与疾病. 1989. (03): 188.
[6] Sakka S, Gafni RI, Davies JH, et al. Bone Structural Characteristics and Response to Bisphosphonate Treatment in Children With Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017. 102(11): 4163-4172.