RabbitMQ 七种队列模式应用场景案例分析（通俗易懂）

七种模式介绍与应用场景

简单模式（Hello World）

做最简单的事情，一个生产者对应一个消费者，RabbitMQ相当于一个消息代理，负责将A的消息转发给B
应用场景： 将发送的电子邮件放到消息队列，然后邮件服务在队列中获取邮件并发送给收件人

工作队列模式（Work queues）

在多个消费者之间分配任务（竞争的消费者模式），一个生产者对应多个消费者，一般适用于执行资源密集型任务，单个消费者处理不过来，需要多个消费者进行处理
应用场景： 一个订单的处理需要10s，有多个订单可以同时放到消息队列，然后让多个消费者同时处理，这样就是并行了，而不是单个消费者的串行情况

订阅模式（Publish/Subscribe）

一次向许多消费者发送消息，一个生产者发送的消息会被多个消费者获取，也就是将消息将广播到所有的消费者中。
应用场景： 更新商品库存后需要通知多个缓存和多个数据库，这里的结构应该是：
  • 一个fanout类型交换机扇出两个个消息队列，分别为缓存消息队列、数据库消息队列
  • 一个缓存消息队列对应着多个缓存消费者
  • 一个数据库消息队列对应着多个数据库消费者

路由模式（Routing）

有选择地（Routing key）接收消息，发送消息到交换机并且要指定路由key ，消费者将队列绑定到交换机时需要指定路由key，仅消费指定路由key的消息
应用场景： 如在商品库存中增加了1台iphone12，iphone12促销活动消费者指定routing key为iphone12，只有此促销活动会接收到消息，其它促销活动不关心也不会消费此routing key的消息

主题模式（Topics）

根据主题（Topics）来接收消息，将路由key和某模式进行匹配，此时队列需要绑定在一个模式上，#匹配一个词或多个词，*只匹配一个词。
应用场景： 同上，iphone促销活动可以接收主题为iphone的消息，如iphone12、iphone13等

远程过程调用（RPC）

如果我们需要在远程计算机上运行功能并等待结果就可以使用RPC，具体流程可以看图。应用场景：需要等待接口返回数据，如订单支付

发布者确认（Publisher Confirms）

与发布者进行可靠的发布确认，发布者确认是RabbitMQ扩展，可以实现可靠的发布。在通道上启用发布者确认后，RabbitMQ将异步确认发送者发布的消息，这意味着它们已在服务器端处理。
应用场景： 对于消息可靠性要求较高，比如钱包扣款
代码演示
代码中没有对后面两种模式演示，有兴趣可以自己研究

简单模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'simple_queue';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 声明队列
        // queue：队列名
        // durable：是否持久化
        // exclusive：是否排外  即只允许该channel访问该队列   一般等于true的话用于一个队列只能有一个消费者来消费的场景
        // autoDelete：是否自动删除  消费完删除
        // arguments：其他属性
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

//消息内容
        String message = 'simplest mode message';
        channel.basicPublish('', QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println('[x]Sent '' + message + ''');

//最后关闭通关和连接
        channel.close();
        connection.close();

}
}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'simplest_queue';

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {        // 获取连接        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        factory.setPort(5672);        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');        };        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {        });    }}
工作队列模式
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_work';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
        channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');
            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });

}
}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_work';

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        factory.setPort(5672);        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);        // 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');        };        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {        });

    }}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_work';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 声明队列
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            String message = 'work mode message' + i;
            channel.basicPublish('', QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println('[x] Sent '' + message + ''');
            Thread.sleep(i * 10);
        }

channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

发布订阅模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

public class Receive1 {

    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'logs';

    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'fanout');        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();        channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, '');

        System.out.println(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C');

        // 订阅消息的回调函数        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' + message + ''');        };

        // 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {        });    }}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

public class Receive2 {

private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'logs';

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'fanout');
        String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, '');

System.out.println(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C');

// 订阅消息的回调函数
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');
            System.out.println(' [x] Received2 '' + message + ''');
        };

// 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

public class Sender {

    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'logs';

    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'fanout');

        String message = 'publish subscribe message';        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, '', null, message.getBytes('UTF-8'));        System.out.println(' [x] Sent '' + message + ''');

        channel.close();        connection.close();    }}

路由模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_routing';
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_direct';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 指定路由的key，接收key和key2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key');
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key2');

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');
            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_routing2';    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_direct';

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        factory.setPort(5672);        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);        // 仅接收key2        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key2');

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');        };        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {        });

    }}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_direct';
    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = 'direct';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 交换机声明
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

// 只有routingKey相同的才会消费
        String message = 'routing mode message';
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key2', null, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println('[x] Sent '' + message + ''');
//        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key', null, message.getBytes());
//        System.out.println('[x] Sent '' + message + ''');

channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }
}

主题模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_topic';    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_topic';

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        factory.setPort(5672);        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);        // 可以接收key.1        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key.*');

        channel.basicQos(1);

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');        };        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {        });    }}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = 'queue_topic2';
    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_topic';
    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = 'topic';

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost('localhost');
        factory.setPort(5672);
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // *号代表单个单词，可以接收key.1
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, '*.*');
        // #号代表多个单词，可以接收key.1.2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, '*.#');

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), 'UTF-8');
            System.out.println(' [x] Received '' +
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + '':'' + message + ''');
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
        });
    }
}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

    private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = 'exchange_topic';    private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = 'topic';

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();        factory.setHost('localhost');        factory.setPort(5672);        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

        String message = 'topics model message with key.1';        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key.1', null, message.getBytes());        System.out.println('[x] Sent '' + message + ''');        String message2 = 'topics model message with key.1.2';        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, 'key.1.2', null, message2.getBytes());        System.out.println('[x] Sent '' + message2 + ''');

        channel.close();        connection.close();    }}

四种交换机介绍

  • 直连交换机（Direct exchange）： 具有路由功能的交换机，绑定到此交换机的时候需要指定一个routing_key，交换机发送消息的时候需要routing_key，会将消息发送道对应的队列

  • 扇形交换机（Fanout exchange）： 广播消息到所有队列，没有任何处理，速度最快

  • 主题交换机（Topic exchange）： 在直连交换机基础上增加模式匹配，也就是对routing_key进行模式匹配，*代表一个单词，#代表多个单词

  • 首部交换机（Headers exchange）： 忽略routing_key，使用Headers信息（一个Hash的数据结构）进行匹配，优势在于可以有更多更灵活的匹配规则

总结

这么多种队列模式中都有其应用场景，大家可以根据应用场景示例中进行选择
参考
  • RabbitMQ官方教程
  • 官方教程源码
作者：我思知我在
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