英语词性的分类及用法
名词复数的规则变化其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时:a. 加s，如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es，如:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s，如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f, fe 加-ves，如:half---halvesknife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; 名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2)单复同形如:deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3)集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 4)以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如:maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。 不同国家的人的单复数
名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如:the barber's 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有";只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 如:John's and Mary's room(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or two's absence
三、代词人称代词的用法:Isaw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。(her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her作主补) a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶?b. -- Me.--我。(me作主语补语= It's me.) 并列人称代词的排列顺序1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为:第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称you -> he/she; it -> I 2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为:第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称we->you ->They 反身代词 1)
指示代词指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词， 疑问代词指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代词比较辩异one, that和itone表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。Ican't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)Ican't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)四、冠词不定冠词的用法不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。 定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那(这)个"的意思。 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. I've been to the house. 3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物，如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。 6)与复数名词连用，指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)7)表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前: She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠词的用法 冠词与形容词+名词结构1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 冠词位置1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: a. 位于下列形容词之后: such，what，many，half， such an animal; Many a manb. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lotd. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 数词的用法 1)倍数表示法a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths六、形容词及其用法形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如:something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词1)friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school 典型例题:1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案:C。 2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案A.3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。七、副词及其基本用法副词的排列顺序:时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closelyclose意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2)late 与latelylate意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 3)deep与deeplydeep意思是"深"，表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度;highly表示程度，相当于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 形容词与副词的比较级 1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
2) 不规则变化可修饰比较级的词abit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 典型例题:1)---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案:B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案:C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案:D。 和more有关的词组1) the more… the more…越……就越……The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 2) more B than A与其说A不如说B He is more lazy than slow at his work.3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than…与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all. 典型例题1)The weather in China is different from____.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。2)After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。 This ruler is three times as long as that one八、动词动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)，缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 系动词1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如:He is a teacher.2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。3)表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired.他看起来很累。4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如:The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。非谓语动词1)不定式
2)动名词3)分词
否定形式: not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词九、特殊词精讲stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smoking.典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest答案:C。 forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. He forgot turning the light off.典型例题---- The light in the office is still on.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案:C。 remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做) Remember to go to the post office after school.Don't you remember seeing the man before? regret doing/to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. I don't regret telling her what I thought. 典型例题
thirty miles an hour 每小时三十英里4、在what time前的at经常被省略，尤其在口语中。(At)what time did she say she was coming?她说她几点钟来?5、含有height(高度)，length(长度)，size(尺码)，shape(现状)，age(年龄)，colour(颜色)，weight(重量)等词语在句子中做表语时，短语前不用介词。She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合适当模特。What size are your shoes? 你的鞋是多大号的?Her bag is the same color as mine 她的包和我的包颜色一样6、在in the same way，in this way，in another way等短语中，in常常被省略 Please try it again (in)the same way 请用同样的方法再试一次7、在表示持续一段时间的短语中，for常被省略They stayed there (for)six months 他们在那里待了6个月介词用法口诀早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、帽in。将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。'beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。 besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词 under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。since以来during间，since时态多变换。与之相比beside，除了last but one。复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。 快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。动词与介词(或副词)的搭配add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意(某人)arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信break into 闯入 break off 打断break out 爆发 bring down 降低bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养build up 建起 burn down 烧光call back 回电话 call for 要求约请call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生 come across (偶然)遇见 come out 出来 ask for 寻求talk about sth 谈论某事arrive at(in)到达(某地)call on(sb)拜访，看望(某人)look for寻找wait for等待stay with sb和某人待在一起depend on依赖come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断date from 始于 depend on 依靠devote to 献于 die out 灭亡divide up 分配 dream of 梦想fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服动词与形容词的搭配be late for 迟到be good at 擅长be interested in 对...感到兴趣be angry with 对...生气be full of 充满be sorry for 对...感到抱歉be afraid of害怕be proud of ······而自豪，骄傲be kind(nice) to sb对某人亲切(有好) be sorry for为·····而抱歉be fond of爱好be different from与·····不同 动词与名词的搭配on time 按时by bus 坐公共汽车on foot 走路on one’s way to 在某人回家的路上 in trouble 陷入麻烦转载请保留出处，http://www.wendangku.net/doc/191bad52f01dc281e53af0c0.html