1. be made of / be made fromⅠ. be made of “由……制成/造”成品看得出原料。如:The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。Ⅱ. be made from “由……制造/成”成品看不出原料。如;Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。(已看不出原料)2. be pleased with/ at/ toⅠ. be pleased with “对……人/物,感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如:① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。② I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。Ⅱ. be pleased at “对……某事/物,感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意……;因……而高兴”。to 不是介词,而是小品词。后接动词原形。如:① I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。② We are quite pleased to be working in this country. 能在这个国家工作,我们是十分高兴的。3. be sure of/ be sure to do/ be sure thatⅠ.be sure of “确信对……有把握”后接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式,表对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断,主语必须是人。如:① As David joined our team, we are sure of winning the game this time.由于David参加了我们的球队,我们这次有把握取胜。② You may be sure of his honesty. 你可以确信他的诚实。Ⅱ.be sure to “一定,肯定”,后接不定式,往往表示局外人的推测,评论,主语不一定是人,如:① It is sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨。② He is sure to win.他一定会赢的。① Be sure to come tomorrow. 你明天一定要来② Be sure to forget it . 千万别忘了。Ⅲ. be sure that 从句。“认为……一定会”主语必须是人,连词that 可省略。它后面还可以接由wheher, 或where, when, who 等引导名词性从句。这时主句通常是否定式。如:① He is wure that he will succeed. 他确信会成功② I am not sure where I left my notebook. 我不能确定我的笔记本丢在什么地方了。Ⅰ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握,常译为:“确信”;make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如:① I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。② I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接of 或about 引出的短语。如:① I am sure of success = I am sure that I will succeed.我深信会成功。② Will you make sure of his return? = Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真的回来了。好吗?Ⅲ. make sure 后面的that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时;be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如:① Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。② I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式,均表示“一定要做某事”,但make sure 通常只用于祈使句;而be sure 则不受限制。如:①to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。5. be surprised/ in surpriseⅠ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构,在句中作谓语,意为:“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对……感到吃惊”Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为:“吃惊地”。如:① She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。② Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去,吃惊地看着他。6. be used for/ be used as/ be used byⅠ. be used for “(被)用来做……”,强调用途或作用。Ⅱ. be used as “(被)作为……而用”,强调被当作工具或手段来用。Ⅲ. be used by “被……使用”,by后跟人物,强调使用者。如:① Keys are used for opening locks. 钥匙是用来开锁的。② “Swim” can be used as a noun. “Swim”可作名词用。③ Recorders are often used by English teachers. 英语教师经常使用录音机。④ Wood can be used for making paper. 木材能用来造纸。7. be worth+n/ be worth doing sthⅠ. be worth +n(表“值”“价值”) “……值(钱,等)”。① What is your car worth? 这辆车值多少钱?② This house is worth £20,000. 这幢房子值两万磅。③ It might be worth a lot of money. 它可能值很多钱。Ⅱ. be worth doing. ……值得干某事。表达的意义是被动意义。动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语,这个句子的主语在逻辑上是后面动词的宾语。如:① That film is worth seeing. 那部片子值得一看。② The report is worth listening to . 这报告值得听。[注]:表“很值得”要用well worth. 如:① The film is well worth seeing . 这电影很值得一看。8. beach/ bank/ coast/ shoreⅠ. beach “海滨、海滩、湖滩”指高水位与低水位之间的滩地。如:On the hot sunny summer’s day, on the beach you can feel how hot the sand gets.Ⅱ. bank 指河流或湖泊的“岸”或“堤”,如:① He swam to the bank. 他游向了岸边。Ⅲ. coast “海岸、海滨”指海与陆地相接的线,是地理学上的用语。如:② They sailed along the coast. 他们沿海岸航行。Ⅳ. shore “岸”指海、洋、湖或大河之岸而言,有较强的与水相对的意思。如:His fisherman went to the shore before daybreak.9. beat/ hit/ strike/ knockⅠ. beat 着重“连续地击打”如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。如:① Don’t beat the child 不要打孩子。② In the end their enemies were beaten. 最后他们把敌人打败了。③ He beat the world record in high jump. 他打破了跳高世界纪录。Ⅱ. hit 往往与strike通用,但严格地说,hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。如:① The stone hit him on the head. 石头击中了他的头。② I hit the target. 我击中了目标。Ⅲ. strike 是很普通的用词,通常表示“打一下、打若干下”等意思,不一定都是有意的。Strike还可以表示“擦着(火柴)”的意思。如:① He struck the man on the head. 他(一拳)打在那人的头上。② Immediately Holmes jumped up from the bed and struck a match. 福尔摩斯立即从床上跳起来,划着一根火柴。Ⅳ. knock “敲;撞击;打”常与at/on, down连用。如:You should knock on/ at the door before coming in the teacher’s office.10.both/ either / neither三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的。可用作代词、形容词、连词。Ⅰ. 作代词时:both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式,不可作同位语。如:① Both of us are teachers.② Either of you can do it.③ Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。④ They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。Ⅱ. 作形容词时:both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如:① Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。② You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。③ Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。Ⅲ. 作连词时:neither 与nor 连用,“既不……也不……”;either 和 or 连用:“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如:① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film.杰克和我都没看过这影片。② Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。
11. blind in / blind to
Ⅰ. (be) blind in 表示哪只眼睛瞎了(左眼或右眼);若表示一只眼睛瞎了,也可以用blind of one/an eye.如:
① He is blind in the right eye. 他的右眼瞎了。
② The old woman is blind of one eye. 那老妇人的一只眼瞎了。
Ⅱ. (be) blind to 表示“对……视而不见”。如:
Many people are blind to their own faults.
许多人看不起自己的缺点。
12. beat/ win/ defeat
Ⅰ. beat “打赢”“战胜”。用于比赛时,后接宾语是战胜对手,表示“赢了某人”。如:
① Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100-metre race. 李磊在百米赛跑中赢了所有的对手。
② We are sure to beat them.我们肯定会赢他们。
Ⅱ. win “赢得;获胜”, 用作及物动词,后接宾语是表示某种比赛的名词或战争,而不是参加比赛的对手。如:
① We won the basketball game. 我们赢得了篮球赛。
② Who won the race? 谁赢得了赛跑?
Ⅲ. defeat “战胜;赢得”与win 一样,较正式,后接宾语时与beat一样,是表示人或代表群体的名词或代词,间或接表事物的名词或代词。 如:
Our class defeated / beat theirs in the basket-ball match yesterday.
昨天我们班在篮球赛中赢了他们班。
13. alike/like
Ⅰalike 与like 都有“相像”之意。但alike 只能作表语,不能作定语,其前不能加very , 只能用much或 very much 修饰,此外alike 还可作副词。如:
The two brothers are very much alike. 兄弟俩长得很相像。
Ⅱ like 可用作表语,也可作定语,还可作介词、连词用。作动词时,意为“喜欢”如:
① The two brothers are very like (very much alike)
② Like father, like son. [谚]有其父必有其子。
③ I don’t like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。
④ Like causes tend to produce like results. 类似的原因往往会产生类似的结果。
14. beautiful/ pretty/ fair/ lovely/nice/ handsome/ good-looking
Ⅰ.beautiful 是最常用的。“美丽的、美好的”,可指各种各样的美,如花鸟、风景、图画的美,也可指天气、曲调、衣服的美。含有优美、和谐使人感觉快悦,并带有内在美面使他人之心欢悦之意。它形容人时,一般用来指女子长得美丽、好看、动人。
① She has a beautiful voice. 她的声音很好听。
② Rose is a very beautiful girl. 露斯是一个很漂亮的女孩。
Ⅱ. pretty . 是普通用语。“漂亮的、标致的”,程度不如beautiful. 用来修饰人时,常指年轻的妇女和女孩。侧重指温柔的性格,表活泼和甜美; 也可修饰物,含“小巧玲珑”之意。形容男青年时,含有贬义,意为“带女人气的”。Beautiful也同此义。
① How pretty the child looks in her new dress!那女孩穿着新衣服显得漂亮呀!
② The garden is small but extremely pretty. 花园虽小但很可爱。
Ⅲ.handsome. 多用于描写男人“英俊、健美”,用于女性时,主要指五官端正,而不一定秀丽。 如:
He was a handsome boy with large, bright eyes and fair hair.
他是一个英俊的少年,长着一双明亮的大眼睛和金黄色的头发。
Ⅳ.lovely 指外貌的“美、可爱”,常指激情感,表说话人的赞赏和喜爱。如:
① What a lovely wife you have! 你有一个多么可爱的妻子!
② Mother bought me a lovely radio to listen in / at school.妈妈给我买了一个漂亮的收音机,让我在学校收听。
③ The lovely woman has a deep love for her country. 那个秀丽的妇女很热爱自己的国家。
Ⅴ.nice 与 lovely 相似。主要强调取悦于人的感觉。指外表的美。如:
It’s a nice day for a walk.
Ⅵ.good-looking是普通用语,没有beautiful 强烈,男女均可用,如:
Nearly all girls are good-looking, some are pretty, but only a few are beautiful.几乎所有的姑娘都是好看的,有些是漂亮的,但只有少数是美丽的。
Ⅵ.fair 指白肤,金发的美女。
15. because/ because of
Ⅰ. because 是连词,后接句子, 是主句的直接原因,常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。如:
① Because he is ill, he is not here today.因为他病了,所以今天没来。
② --Why are you in a hurry?
--Because I want to catch the first bus.
Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词,后接名词或代词,相当于名词词组。如:
He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了,所以没来。
16. become/ get/ go/ grow/ turn
Ⅰ. 这几个词都可作连系动词表“变化的”,但用法有别:
become 比较正式,常用于书面语中,表示由一个状态向另一个状态的变化。通常用于过去完成的事,不表未来的事。如:
① I became a teacher three years ago.我是三年前当老师的。(由学生或其他职业变成老师)
② He has become a famous person. 他已成为名人了。
Ⅱ.get 多用于口语中,后常接形容词,表“变化”的过程,特别常接比较级形容词。如:
① The days are getting longer and longer.白天变得越来越长了。(含动作意识)
② Things are getting worse.情况变得更糟了。
Ⅲ.go 表示因某种原因而进入某种状态,说明“变”的结果。
① After he heard the news, his face went white. 听到这个消息,他的脸变白了。
② The sky went cloudy. 天娈阴了。
Ⅳ.grow 表“渐渐地变”,强调逐渐变化的过程。 如:
① The smoke grew bigger and thicker. 烟变得越来越大,越来越浓了。
② My younger brother is growing tall. 我弟弟渐渐长高了。
Ⅴ.turn 含有“变得和以前完全不同”之意,说明变的结果。
① The trees turn green. 树变绿了。
② His love turned into hate. 他由爱生恨。
17. before long/ long before
Ⅰ. before long. “不久”,“不久以后”
Ⅱ. long before “很早以前”,“好久以前”如:
① I hope to see you again before long. 我希望不久以后再见到你。
② We finished our work long before. 我们早就把工作做完了
18. begin/ start
Ⅰ. begin “开始”,是很普通的用语,指开始某一行动或进程,与end 相对。如:
① It’s time to begin work. 是开始工作的时候了。
② She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen. 她十五岁开始在工厂里工作。
③ The meeting will begin at eight o’clock. 会议将于八点钟开始。
Ⅱ. start “开始”,往往与begin通用,但它着重于开始或着手这一点,与stop 相对。如:
① When did you start work? 你什么时候开始工作的?
② He started to study English. 他开始学英语。
③ The child started crying. 小孩哭起来了。
[注]:表示“动身;启程;开动(机器)”等。如:
①I think we ought to start at 8. 我认为我们应该8点出发。
另外commence是三词中最正式的,其后接动词时只能接动词的-ing形式。如:
②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago. 首相是25分钟前开始发言的。
19. belive/ think/ suppose
这三个词后面的宾语从句的否定往往转移到主句上来。其反意部份与从句 主谓保持一致。如:
I don't believe/think/suppose he can answer the question, can he?
20. below/ under/ beneath
Ⅰ. below“在……下面”,指处于比某物低的位置,不一定在某物的正下方。它的反义词是over。如:
① Write your name below the line. 在线下写上你的名字。
② We are below the moon. 我们在月下。
Ⅱ. under “在……的下面”,相当于below,有时可以通用,但它指处于某物的正下方,其反义词是over。如:
① He stood under a tree. 他站在树下。
② The cat was under the table. 猫在桌子下面。
Ⅲ. Beneath“在……的下面”, 是旧用法的文学用语,现在很少用。相当于below,尤其相当于under.如:
① Children are playing beneath the window. 孩子们在窗子下面游戏。
[注]:down 是副词,指自上而下,由高而低,常与表运动的动词连用。其反义词是up。如:
② He fell down the stairs. 他从楼梯上跌了下来。
21. forget to do / forget doing22. besides/ but/ except/ beside/ except for/ except that/ but for/ but thatⅠ.besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而except 和but “除了……之外没有……”,正好相反。如:① I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外,我别无所爱。② What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV? 除了看报和看电视之外,你今天上午还做了些什么。Ⅱ.beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。如:① They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上散步。Ⅲ. but 作介词用时:“除……之外没有……”与except同意。但它着重在整体,且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式,接不定式时,如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式,则用动词原形(省略“to”)。如:① He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。(前有does,故用动词原形laugh.)② Nobody was late but you. 除你之外,没有人迟到。Ⅳ.except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如:① I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外,我喜欢所有的水果。② The dress is quite nice except for the color.除了颜色外,这件衣服很漂亮。Ⅴ.except for “除了……以外”其中for 表示理由或细节,对句子含义起修饰作用。有时可与except 互换。如:① Betty worked out all the problems except for / except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,其它的问题贝蒂都解决了。② Except for Sunday, all of us go to school every day. 除了周日外,我们每天都上学。(此处不用except).Ⅵ.except that 用作连词 “除……之外”后接从句。① The Swede stood still except that his lips moved slightly.那瑞典人除了嘴微动外,站着一丝不动。② I know nothing about him except that he lives downstairs.除了他住在楼下这一点外,关于别的我一无所知。Ⅶ.but for “若不是……”,“ 倘若……”常和虚拟语气搭配,其后常跟名词或相当于名词的词。跟代词常用其宾格。① But for you, I should have been late for school. 倘若不是你,我上学就迟到了。But that I saw the elephant, I couldn’t have believed it.要不是亲眼看见大象,我真不能相信。23. give a message/ leave a message / take a message.Ⅰ. Leave a message.“留下个信儿”打电话的人常用。后与介词for 搭配。构成 leave a message for sb.Ⅱ. take a message “捎个信儿”接电话的人常用.后与介词for 搭配。构成:take a message for sb.Ⅲ. give a message “给某人个信儿”后与to 搭配,构成:give a message to sb. = give sb a message.如:① Can I take a message for him? 我能给他捎个信吗?② Can you leave a message for her? 你能给她留个口信吗?③ I will give a message to her. 我将给她个信儿。24. big/ large/ great/ hugeⅠ. big 和large 所修饰的一般是具体的事物。 big 侧重于表示一个物体的块头、重量,含有庞大、笨重的意思,其反义词是little;large 侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量,有广阔和众多的含义,其反义词是small。 在现代口语中两者常可互换,big 较口语化,large比较正式。如:① This is a big / large room. 这是一个大房间。② This coat is too big for her. 这上衣对她来说太大了。③ China is a large country. 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。Ⅱ. big 还可作“长大了的”解,而large没有这个意思。如:① She is big enough to ride a bike. 她长大了,足可以骑自行车了。Ⅲ. great 常表示“伟大的”,可修饰抽象名词,也可修饰具体的人或物,带有一定的感情色彩。有时可能表达说话人的喜悦、赞扬等感情。如:① We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall. 我们打算去参观人民大会堂。② Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家。③ --How do you like my coat? --Great! 你觉得我这件外衣怎样? 好极了。Ⅳ. huge “巨大的;极大的”,修饰具体事物,指规格数额超常。如:① How did they carry such huge stones? 他们是如何搬运这些巨石的?25. bloom/ flower/ blossomⅠ. bloom 指观赏用的花。如:玫瑰;菊花;牡丹等。Ⅰ. boat “船、艇,”是普通用语。主要指用浆、篙、帆或引擎的小船、小艇,但有时也指大轮船。如:① We crossed the river by boat. 我们乘船过河。② They pulled the boat up on to the shore.他们把这条船拖上了岸。(指小船)③ When does the boat leave for Shanghai?(指轮船)Ⅱ. ship “船、舰,”多指大的航海船只。如:① The ship is at sea. 船厂在航海。② They went to Guangahou by ship. 他们乘船去广州。27. bold/ brave/ courageousⅠ. bold “大胆的、勇敢的”着重指大胆、勇敢的气质,表现出有胆量、敢闯或敢于对抗而不畏缩。如:② It’s very bold of us to venture to go to sea. 我们冒险航海是很勇敢的。Ⅱ. brave “勇敢的”, 应用最广泛,通常指在危险、困难或可怕的情况下表现勇猛而畏缩。如:② It was brave of him to enter the burning building. 他敢进入那燃烧着的房屋,真是勇敢。Ⅲ. courageous “勇敢的,无畏的”表示由于有勇敢的气质或不屈不挠的精神而能无畏地自觉地对付某种事情,常常用于表示道义上的勇敢。如:① He is courageous in telling the truth. 他敢于讲实话。② We hope that they will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties.我们希望能够勇敢地负起责任,克服一切困难。Ⅰ. borrow “借”指从别人那里借来东西(借入)。指“向某人或某处借某事”时,用搭配: Borrow sth from sb / sw.如:① Can I borrow your pen? 可以借用一下的笔吗?② Do you often borrow books from the library? 你经常从图书馆借书吗?Ⅱ. lend “借”指把东西供给别人(借出)。指“把某物借给某人”时用:lend sth to sb. 如:① Can you lend me your pen? 把钢笔供给我好吗?② You mustn’t lend it to others.你一定不要把它供给别人。Ⅲ. keep 表“借多长时间”, 时延续性动词。可用于完成时态。而borrow 和 lend 是短暂性动词。则不能用于完成时态,或与表段时间的状语连用。如:① He has kept the books for two weeks.他借这书两天了。② ---How long can I keep the book? ---Two weeks.Ⅰ. both “两个都” 而each则强调“各个”如:① Both of us won a prize. 我们两人共同赢得了一个奖。② Each of us won a prize. 我们每个人都赢得了奖。Ⅱ. both 用作句子主语时,谓语总是复数,如:① Both these books are mine.而each常用单数。但在下列情况下用复数,即它在复数名词或代词之后。如:①They each have beautiful stamps.30. bring/ take/ fetch/ get/ carryⅠ.bring“拿来、带来”强调从别处带某人或某物来到说话人所在地。如:The teacher asked the students to bring their dictionaries to the class.Ⅱ.take“拿走、带走”强调人或事物离开说话人所在地,与bring的关系相当于go与come的相对关系。如:May I take this magazine home?Ⅲ.fetch“去取来、去拿来” 指去取了东西又回来这一往返过程,相当于go and bring,但不同于bring,如:Please fetch me some chalk.Go and get/fetch some water.Ⅳ.carry“携带、搬运”强调某物从甲地移至乙地,带有物体随身移动但无固定方向。如:① He carried the box upstairs.① The boat was carried by ocean currents to a small island.这船被大洋的水流飘至一小岛。Ⅰ. broad 指幅面的宽广,侧重表面上的广阔宏大,指人时多形容背、肩、胸等,在较正式或文学性较强的文体中,也可用来描写河流、街道、田野、峡谷等和地形有关的其它东西。如:The road is 8 metres broad.Ⅱ. wide 指一边到另一边的空间距离,侧重两端之间距离的宽大,指人时多形容眼睛、口等。如:broad 和wide 的反义词都是narrow.[语法]:度量表示法:“数词+名词(量)+wide(broad)/long长/thick厚/deep深/high高/tall 身高/around周长”32. build/ found/ put up/ set upⅠ. build “建筑、建造”指施工建筑,如房屋、桥梁、道路等的建造,也可用于广义。如:We are building socialism with China’s style. 我们正在建设具有中国特色的社会主义。Ⅱ. found “创立、成立、创办”批创立一个组织、机构、国家等。如:① They founded(=built) a school for the blind. 他们创办了一亿盲人学校。② The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于是1949年。Ⅲ. put up 和set up 人含义很多,但他们在表示“搭起、竖起、挂起”以及表建筑物“建起”的意思时,可以通用。只不过put up 比set up 要常见些。如:① The boys put up (set up) their tents in the woods. 孩子们在树林里搭起了帐篷。② They have put up(set up) several cattle sheds for the team. 他们为队里建造了几个牛棚。但set up 在表示“建起、成立”某一机构团体时,不能用put up 替换。如:The factory set up a night school last month. 这个工厂上月成立了一所夜校。Ⅰ. 都有“然而,但是”的意思。However 比较正式,可以放在句首、句中或句尾;其前面或后面要加逗号隔开,如在句中,其前后都要加逗号,不能与but 连用;而but只放在句首。如:① I’d like to go swimming with you, but I have to tidy the garden now.我很想和你去游泳,但是我现在必须整理花园。② It’s raining hard, however, they’re still working in the field. 雨下得很大,然而他们仍然在地里干活。③ Later, however, she decided to buy it. 可是后来她决定去买下它。① He said it was so, he was mistaken, however.Ⅰ. group “小组、团体”,与 team 是同义词。指因任何目的或原因而聚集在1一起所形成的群体。搭配范围较广;team 指工作、行为或游戏时在一起的群体,尤指体育比赛的“队”, 搭配范围较窄。如:① a study group 学习小组;a discussion group 讨论小组② a basketball team 篮球队 a medical team 医疗队Ⅱ. group 指“人群”时,与crowd同义。group 所指人数可多可少,但常指“较小”的人群, 且表示有组织有秩序的一群人;crowd有“密集”“拥挤”的含义,通常指未经组织、人数众多的人群。35.by oneself/ for oneself/ to oneself/ of oneself 这五个介词短语均属“介词+反身代词”结构,但意义各不相同:Ⅰ.by oneself“单独地;独立地”(=without help, alone).如:Did you do this by yourself or did someone help you?是你自己做的,还是别人帮你做的?① Diamond is hard in itself. 钻石本来是硬的。Ⅲ.for oneself “为自己(的利益而做某事);独自地(与by oneself 同义)”。如:② He has built a house for himself. 他为自己建造了一幢房子。③ You must find it out for yourself. 你必须自己把它找出来。Ⅳ.of oneself “自然而然地;自动地”为不及物动词。如:④ The fire died of oneself. 火自己熄灭了。Ⅴ.to oneself“默默地”“暗自”,常与talk , say, think等动词连用。如;⑤ He said to himself that there was something wrong. 他想这其中有毛病。[注]:say to oneself “在心里想”,talk/ speak to oneself“自言自语”两者不可混淆。 36.by train/ on(in)a the train二者都有“乘车”之意。当使用介词by表方式时,其后交通工具名词前不用冠词。或其它任何表限定的修饰词,如形容词性物主代词,批示代词等。反之则用介词in (较小的工具如car等);on (较大的交通工具,如train等)。如:on the bus, in his car.37.by/ at/ the end of ; in/to/ on the endⅠ. by the end of “在……末以前”“到……末为止”后一般接时间名词。如年、月、周等。也可接表活动的名词,如strike.Ⅱ. at the end of “在……的尽头”,“在……的末端”如:① At the end of the book there is an index. 书后附有索引。② We shall have an exam at the end of the month. 本月末我们将有次考试。Ⅲ. in the end “最终;终于”,后不接of 短语。如:I hope everything will turn out all right in the end. 我希望最终一切都顺利。① We have by the sea.(暗示我们可以看见大海)② We live near the sea.(也许我们离海边还有几里远)Ⅰ.by“到… …之前”“不迟于”仅指动作发生在限定时间之内或到某一时间为止。如:①Can you repair my watch by Friday? 你能在星期五之前把表修好吗?(句中时间最迟到星期五,动词可以是瞬间的,也可以是持续的)Ⅱ.till/untill“直到”强调动作的持续状态,直到将来的某一时刻为止。如:I shall go on working till/untill next Monday.(此种情况只能用于肯定句中动词必须是延续的)当untill与not连用时,意为“直到… …才”,主句谓语动词必须是非延续性的。如:I don’t go to bed untill/till you come.40. call on/ visit/ go to see/ drop inⅠ.四者都有“访问”的意思,但是vist较为正式,可用于访问人,也可用于访问地方。如:I visited my aunt in Bejing in the summer holidays. 暑假我探望了在北京的姨妈。Ⅱ.call on有时可代替visit,但只限于人。访问某地方则用call at。如:We called on Prefessor Liu a few days ago.前几天我们拜访了刘教授。Ⅲ.go to see为普通用语,一般用于人。如:Tom is ill. Let’s go to see him after school.汤姆病了,我们放学后去看他吧。Would you like to drop in and have a cup of tea? 你顺便来喝杯茶,好吗?