听巴西地理教师Livia介绍巴西地理教育Livia walks you through Geog Edu in Brazil
听巴西地理教师Livia介绍巴西地理教育 | GEO对谈
Livia walks you through geography education in Brazil | GEO conversation
(音频超过了一小时，所以上载在b站音频，链接在文末）
（The audio is longer than 60 minutes so the alternative is to upload it at bilibili, the link is at the end of this article)
00:50
The characteristics of school geography in Brazil (nowadays) and how Brazilian geography education is conceived
目前巴西学校地理教育的特征
巴西的地理教育是怎么构想的
01:23
self introduction and education system
自我介绍以及巴西教育系统
primary and secondary school = basic education
小学+（初级）中学=基础教育（巴西也是九年义务制教育）
geography is mandatory in Grade 1-9. At 10-12 grades they are optional disciplines.
在1-9年级地理是必修，10-12年级是选修
integral schools (not very common) / one shift schools (7-11.50am, more common) /night schools (most common form)
整体学校（不是很常见）/轮换学校（上午7-11.50，更常见）/夜校（最常见的形式）
teenagers have to work very early due to inequalities and poverty
因为不平等和贫穷 青少年需要很早就开始工作
in rural areas teenagers start to work even before 14
在农村地区青少年甚至在14岁之前就开始工作
night school works for adult students who come back to school for studying
夜校是为已经成年想要回到学校学习的学生开的
07:00
research on what to teach and how to teach is not what is going on in school. The pedagogy in geography classes are still descriptive and mnemonic. stigma of geography: maps, relief, and globalisation (student may say we live in a globalised world, but they do not see how it works)
研究学校里教什么怎么教
地理课上的教学仍然是描述性的和帮助记忆的
对地理的一些印象局限于：地图、地形起伏和全球化（学生可能意识到自己生活在一个全球化的世界里，但他们不
知道全球化是怎么和自己的生活联系在一起的）
10:17
A new curriculum proposal in 2018 changing geography in secondary school
2018年起新课程在中学阶段的地理科目发生了变化
12:00
table of education in Brazil
巴西的教育图表
source: https://www.scholaro.com/pro/countries/brazil/education-system
12:41
an overview of geography teachers (2018)
geography undergraduates don’t need a teacher certificate to teach in a school, they are not well informed of the pedagogy
地理教师的概览
地理系本科毕业生不需要持有教师资格证就可以在中学执教，也就因此没有很熟悉教学法
16:13
how school geography started in Brazil (in 19th century)
school geography comes before the academic discipline in the universities
Content for Geography came from a book called Chorographia Brasilica written by a priest, Manuel Aires de Casal, with descriptive and superficial knowledge about countries, regions and population. He based this compilation in printed books, travel logs, manuscripts, memorials, diaries, official reports
Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (founded in 1838) published periodicals/magazines that influenced textbooks used in schools.
French inspiration in the content. Many manuals were written in French.
At first not a lot of geography about Brazil.
19th century schools were for a few people who are going to be political elites
在巴西的地理教育是如何开始的
学校里出现地理科目早于学术地理在大学出现的时间
地理课本的内容最早源于一位牧师，是对国家地区和人口描述性的浅层的知识。
1838年成立的巴西历史地理研究所出版的刊物对学校里的地理课本有深远影响。
法国地理学家对巴西地理学界有影响，有许多手稿是法语写就的
最早没有很多和巴西有关的地理
19世纪的时候学校教育是为了一小群政治精英而存在的
23:18
20th century- government influence, critical geography
1940s- formation of geography teachers
1960s- divide primary, secondary and superior instruction
1970s- military regime moral and civic education and Brazil's social and political organisation replace history and geography
1980s- academic geography renovation, critical geography* trend does not actually go into school geography
*suggested reading: Milton Santos: A Pioneer in Critical Geography from the Global South
1990s- new curriculum, research about teaching geography started to grow in this field
20世纪的时候政府的影响、批判地理学的影响
1940年代时 有了对于地理教师的培养
1960年代时 有了小学、初中和高中的学段划分
1970年代时 军政府用 道德与公民教育 以及 巴西的社会政治组成 来取代 学校里的 历史和地理 科目
1980年代时 地理学的复兴，批判地理学的浪潮其实并没有真的进入到学校地理之中
推荐阅读：Milton Santos: A Pioneer in Critical Geography from the Global South
31:40
Nowadays how can we have geography classes (due to social isolation - COVID-19)?
目前在疫情期间地理课怎么上
30-35 per class, mixed school, but only five per class have access to google classroom and google meet and WhatsApp
A lot of them are not getting access to Internet, although I lived in a developed city. Most of the children do not have cell phone and their families do not have laptops.
Most of them also don't have food due to losing their jobs as they were not doing formal jobs. They do not have regular income.
每个班有30-35个人，是男女都有的学校，但就Livia自己的班级来说，每个班平均有5个孩子能够用谷歌教师和谷歌会面以及WhatsApp来上课；尽管她生活在一个发达的城市，但很多学生都没有办法上网。大部分的孩子都没有手机，他们的家庭也没有笔记本电脑。大部分人甚至也都没有充足的食物因为他们之前的工作也都不是正式的工作。也就是说他们的家庭并没有固定的收入
35:39
School is very important.
To be present in front of a person is really important.
My first online class is to teach them how to access google classroom/meet although they know how to play games.
学校是非常重要的
能够在场是真的很重要
第一节网络课是教学生怎么使用谷歌教室/会面，尽管学生知道怎么玩电脑游戏但却不会使用这些工具
37:00
The current education situation in China ( a case of my younger brother in Shanghai)
提及了目前中国的教育情况（Hermione介绍了自己弟弟的学习情况）
40:10
social interaction of education
presence in education matters
教育的社会互动
在现场的教育是关键的
40:51
Another difficulty in Brazil
poor families have five or four children and they are having classes at different grades at the same time and they only have one cellphone to share
巴西面临的另一个困境
贫穷的家庭可能有四到五个孩子在不同的年级同时在上课
可他们却只有一个手机可以使用
45:17
quantity we have in the classroom is increasing but what about the quality?
remote class access and family backup; social classes and family background
Hermione mentioned geography for young school leavers (GYSL)
数量在增加的时候，质量呢？
远程课堂与家庭的支持
社会阶层与家庭背景
Hermione提到 英国曾经有一个给早年辍学的年轻人的地理（GYSL）教育项目
50:50
the goal we all have: the kids to have better opportunities, have a better life
我们都有的目标是：孩子们有更好的机遇，有更好的生活
52:40
What we know and do not know about Brazil? Would people who is timid and shy feel the pressure of National Image as outgoing and happy Brazilian?
对巴西，我们知道什么又不知道什么？巴西比较腼腆害羞的人会因为国家形象是外向开朗的巴西人而感受到压力山大吗？
56:30
The problem is that students have wrong imagination of professional football players and then they do not value studying comparing to football
问题在于学生们对专业的足球运动员有错误的想象，然后相比足球，他们就不重视学习
59:30
drug traffick, the drug dealers also have a bad influence on the kids from the vulnerable community
毒品贩运，毒贩也会对住在弱势社区的儿童有坏的影响
how to make the school more interesting than football?
怎么让学校变得比足球更有趣呢？
64:20
summary with Hermione & Livia livia.dantas@alumni.usp.br
小结