英国批准辉瑞疫苗,最快下周开始接种
当地时间周三,英国药品和保健产品监管署(Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, MHRA)批准了德国生物新技术公司(BioNTech)和美国辉瑞制药有限公司(Pfizer)合作研发的新冠疫苗,准备在英国展开大规模接种。
The UK has become the first country in the world to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine, paving the way for mass vaccination.
英国成为全球首个批准德美新冠疫苗的国家,为大规模疫苗接种做好了准备。
The UK has already ordered 40 million doses of the jab - enough to vaccinate 20 million people. The first doses are already on their way to the UK, with 800,000 due in the coming days, Pfizer said.
英国已经订购了4000万剂德美新冠疫苗——足够为2000万人接种。辉瑞公司称首批针剂已经运往英国,未来几天将有80万剂陆续抵达。
NHS chief executive Sir Simon Stevens said the health service was preparing for 'the largest-scale vaccination campaign in our country's history'.
英国国民医疗服务体系负责人史蒂文斯表示,医疗系统已经准备进行“英国历史上规模最大的疫苗接种”。
英国卫生大臣(Health Secretary)汉考克(Matt Hancock)称英国国民医疗体系将会主动联系英国民众接种疫苗。养老院的老人与护工等高危易感人群最快将于下周接种。该疫苗要求每人接种两次,期间间隔三周,以达到最佳免疫效果。
英国第一阶段疫苗接种优先列表 图源:The Sun
The bulk of the rollout will be next year, Mr Hancock said, adding: '2020 has been just awful and 2021 is going to be better.'
大规模接种将在明年进行,汉考克补充说道:“2020年简直太糟糕了,2021年将会更好。”
英国卫生大臣汉考克 图源:Agencies
值得注意的是,该疫苗为mRNA(信使核糖核酸)疫苗,尽管曾用于临床,但在人类历史上从未有同类疫苗获批大规模接种。
It is a new type called an mRNA vaccine that uses a tiny fragment of genetic code from the pandemic virus to teach the body how to fight Covid-19 and build immunity.
这是一种被称作信使核糖核酸的新型疫苗,它使用新冠病毒的一小段基因片段引导人体产生免疫,抗击新冠肺炎。
Scientists focus on the genetic sequence for the virus’s ‘spike’ protein. This is used to synthesize an mRNA sequence - instructions that cells can use to make the ‘spike’ protein.
科学家们专注研究新冠病毒刺突蛋白的基因序列,从而合成一种信使核糖核酸片段,这是细胞编码新冠病毒刺突蛋白的指令。
The synthetic mRNA is packaged in a lipid nanoparticle that delivers the instructions to a cell.
合成的信使核糖核酸将被包裹在脂质体纳米颗粒中,递送指令给人体细胞。
Once inside the cell, its cellular machinery follows the mRNA instructions to produce the viral protein. This is displayed on the surface of the cell and stimulates an immune system response.
进入细胞后,细胞机制将遵循信使核糖核酸指令编码病毒刺突蛋白,体现在细胞表面,刺激免疫系统反应。
英国疫苗学先驱理查德·莫克森就此接受了中国日报的采访,上世纪90年代,他的研究成果曾助力世界上首批基于基因组的疫苗研发:
This is really good news, not only for coronavirus, which is obviously the pressing concern at the moment, but it also is so encouraging for all the other people making vaccines along these lines, and it opens up as a proof of concept the possibility of using these vaccines against many other infectious diseases.
这真是个好消息,不仅有助于应对当前迫切需要关注的新冠疫情,同时也鼓舞了其他按照这一思路研发疫苗的人。这一先河证明了使用信使核糖核酸疫苗抗击其他传染病的可能性。
Because the vaccine must be stored at around -70C, it will be transported in special boxes of up to 5,000 doses, packed in dry ice. Once delivered, it can be kept for up to five days in a fridge. And once out of the fridge it needs to be used within six hours.
由于该疫苗必须在零下70摄氏度左右储存,因此在运输时将被放置在特殊的盒子中,一盒最多5000支,与干冰一起打包。运抵后,可在冰箱中保存最多5天。一旦从冰箱中取出,必须在6小时内使用。
汉考克称,即将抵达英国的疫苗大部分都产自辉瑞在比利时的工厂。
辉瑞制药比利时工厂用于储存新冠疫苗的冷库 图源:AP
对温度的严格要求和近乎苛刻的运输条件也令包括莫克森在内的科学家们产生担忧——信使核糖核酸疫苗的生产工艺并不复杂,真正的挑战在于制造和分发过程中的极低温要求。
Developed countries like the UK will have an easier time distributing the Pfizer jab than nations that do not have robust cold-chain infrastructure, according to Robert Lechler, president of the Academy of Medical Sciences.
英国医学科学院院长罗伯特·莱希勒表示,像英国这样的发达国家将更容易分发辉瑞针剂,可世界上还有许多国家没有如此完善的冷链基础设施。
因此,科学家们指出,想要在全球范围内有效抗击新冠疫情,研发采用不同科技的疫苗就显得尤为重要,特别是那些不需要冷链运输和储存的疫苗。
世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)官网显示,截止12月2日,全球共有51款候选疫苗(candidate vaccines)处于临床研究中, 包括核酸疫苗、基因工程亚单位疫苗、重组病毒载体疫苗、灭活病毒疫苗等多种类型,其中有多个由中国团队研发。
Chinese manufacturers have several vaccine candidates in the pipeline that do not require ultra-cold storage, including a treatment developed by Sinovac that produced a strong immune response in Phase 1 and Phase 2 testing, with results from large-scale Phase 3 testing coming soon.
中国疫苗制造商研发的数个候选疫苗都不需要极低温存储,包括由北京科兴中维生物技术有限公司研发的疫苗,其在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床试验中快速诱发了免疫反应,预计大规模Ⅲ期临床试验结果即将公布。
Vaccine makers from China have already agreed to deliver tens of millions of doses to numerous developing nations around the globe.
中国的疫苗制造商已经同意向全球众多发展中国家提供数千万剂疫苗。
英国宣布疫苗获批消息的当天,也是英格兰二次封城的“解封日”。此时正值英国圣诞季,吸引了不少购物者走上街头。
12月2日,英国伦敦牛津街 图源:PA
12月2日,伦敦大型交通枢纽之一维多利亚地铁站 图源:AFP
当解封遇上打折季,众多购物场所出现无法保持社交距离的情况。
周三,牛津街某运动品牌门口排队的购物者 图源:Agencies
英国首相鲍里斯·约翰逊(Boris Johnson)在周三的疫情发布会上肯定了对新冠疫苗的信心,同时提醒民众不能“过于乐观(over optimism)”从而放松警惕。
Speaking in Number 10 this evening, Johnson said: “This is a huge moment and... it is also a very moving thing.
当日晚间在首相府发言时,约翰逊称:“(疫苗获批的)一刻意义重大,同时也非常令人感动。”
“I am really lost in admiration for science and the ability of scientists to solve human problems in the way that they can.
“我对科学敬佩不已,对科学家们以自己的方式为全人类解决问题的能力敬佩不已。”
“But to repeat the key message, the worst thing now would be to think that this is the moment when we can relax our guard and think that it is game over in the fight against Covid. This is not. This is not the end.”
“但是仍要再次强调,现在最糟糕的事情就是我们认为可以放松警惕,以为和新冠的斗争已经结束了。这不是。这绝不是结束。”
记者:ANGUS McNEICE
视频:Brian Chang
作者:韩宝仪
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