【香樟推文2140】择校宁当“鸡头”不做“凤尾”?


01
引言
制度背景
02
英格兰的义务教育体系由四个阶段构成,其中在小学7至11岁的Key Stage 2(KS2)阶段,中学11至14岁的Key Stage 3(KS3)阶段,14至16岁的Key Stage 4(KS4)阶段,每一阶段结束时学生都将参加全国统一考试。在KS2、KS3结束时,学生将参加英语、科学和数学三个科目的考试。KS3结束时学生将选择一定数量的GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education,中等教育普通证书)科目进入KS4阶段的学习,其中也包括英语、科学和数学科目。KS4后,学生可以选择继续学习两年A-Level课程,即大学预科课程。A-Level课程涵盖经济学、化学、数学、工程学、考古学等40多个科目,科目的选择将直接影响到大学专业的报考。
03
衡量相对排名

实证方法
04


为一组反映学生特征的控制变量,

是学校-年级-科目固定效应,

包含0期到1期间个体受到的冲击以及误差项。我们感兴趣的系数是

,

为调整后的相对排名。
05
实证结果




结论
06
Abstract
This article establishes a new fact about educational production: ordinal academic rank during primary school has lasting impacts on secondary school achievement that are independent of underlying ability. Using data on the universe of English school students, we exploit naturally occurring differences in achievement distributions across primary school classes to estimate the impact of class rank. We find large effects on test scores, confidence, and subject choice during secondary school, even though these students have a new set of peers and teachers who are unaware of the students’ prior ranking in primary school. The effects are especially pronounced for boys, contributing to an observed gender gap in the number of Maths courses chosen at the end of secondary school. Using a basic model of student effort allocation across subjects, we distinguish between learning and non-cognitive skills mechanisms, finding support for the latter.